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Civil Disobedience
Henry David Thoreau was the author of "Civil Disobedience" he believed people should go great lengths to for what they believe and have a moral responsibility to fight against unjust laws. He shared similarities with MLK in the sense of fighting for what is right. -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
Sharecropping was a system used on southern farms after the Civil War. Farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Tenant farming was a system of farming where you can rent land to farm from a planter -
13th Amendment
This amendment was the Abolition of slavery. Slavery is no longer allowed in any state or territory under the government of America. -
Black Codes
A series of laws after the civil war. The purpose was to maintain segregation and keep control over the blacks. They restricted the right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces such as Southern towns. -
14th Amendment
The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. -
15th Amendment
This granted African American men the right to vote. Citizens cannot be denied their right to vote because of their race or color or because they were once slaves. A decade after the amendment was passed that they could finally vote. -
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
Court decided by 7:1 to have “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites -
Jim Crow Laws
Laws made to restrict black people. The laws created two separate societies; one black and one white. Blacks and whites could not do pretty much anything together -
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality. Nonviolent civil rights organization in 1942 and committed to the "Double V" campaign, or victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE became a major force in the civil rights movement. -
Hector P Garcia
Hector Garcia was an army veteran from Texas who organized the American G.I. Forum, which was an organization that fought against the unfair treatment of Mexican Americans. He was a physician and a political activist -
Thurgood Marshall
Argued and won the Brown v Board of Education case in 1953 -
Brown Vs Board of Education
Supreme court decided that separate but equal was not truly equal and unanimously decided to integrating black children into white schools -
Non-Violent Protest
During the civil rights movement, a lot of well known and famous leaders lead with non violent protests. Leaders such as MLK thought that peaceful protest was the most proactive way of getting attention without risk. They lead boycotts, sit ins, marches, and some gave speeches ie MLK. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
American Minister who led in the non-violent civil rights movements such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott which started in 1955. He also created the SCLC in 1957 and delivered the famous "I have a Dream" speech -
Rosa Parks
Sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott when she refused to give up her seat to a white man and was arrested -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Till was a 14 year old boy who whistled at a white woman in a grocery store. The woman and her husband made him carry a 75-pound cotton-gin fan to the bank of the Tallahatchie River where they beat him and brutally murdered him. -
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference. It was a civil rights movement organization. Its first president was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. It started as a organization that stressed nonviolent rebellion to stop the segregation of buses in the south. -
Little Rock Nine
Nine black students enrolled at an all-white High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Eisenhower sent in 1,200 members of the U.S. Army’s 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell, Kentucky to escort the students -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
This was a voting rights bill. Eisenhower passed this bill but it did not guarantee a ballot for blacks. It was the first civil-rights bill to be enacted after Reconstruction which was supported by most non-southern whites. -
Orvil Faubus
Stood against school integration. Used the Arkansas National Guardsmen to block the enrollment of nine black students and gave the Speech on school integration. -
Stokely Carmichael
A black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He worked with Martin Luther King Jr. but changed his attitude about non violent protests. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created." -
Sit-ins
4 black people would sit at the lunch counters and ask to be served. When they were denied service, they would refuse to leave. The process would repeat daily until the would desegregate the lunch counter. -
Lynching
Lynching is when someone is murdered without trial. Lynching happened a lot during the civil rights movement. Emmett Till was one of the many sufferers of Lynching . -
Affirmative Action
program designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education. Order issued by JFK in 1961 saying that projects paid for with federal funds could not discriminate based on race in hiring. In the 1960s, President Nixon's Philadelphia Plan changed the meaning to require attention to certain groups, rather protect individuals against discrimination -
Freedom Riders
13 African-American and white civil rights activists took bus trips through the South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. they drew violence and international attention to their cause. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in bus and train stations nationwide -
George Wallace
1962, he ran to be the Alabama state governor and was backed by the Ku Klux Klan. He won the election. His inaugural speech ended with, "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever." He wanted to reenforce segregation. -
Cesar Chavez
founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962 and dedicated his life to improve treatment of farmers. He led marches, called for boycotts and went on several hunger strikes, which are said to be what contributed to his death. He also brought awareness to the dangers of pesticides to workers' health. -
Ole Miss Integration
James Meredith attempted to enroll at the University of Mississippi. When he arrived at the campus under the protection of federal forces, a mob of more than 2,000 students and others formed to block his way. 2 died in the riot. -
Betty Friedan
She wrote “The Feminine Mystique” in (1963), which explored the idea of women finding fulfillment outside of their traditional roles. She co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966. She fought for abortion rights by establishing the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws in 1969. -
March on Washington
Massive civil rights demonstration in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, it was during Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech -
U of Alabama Integration
When African American students attempted to desegregate the U of Alabama, the governor blocked the enrollment office. The U.S. Supreme Court declared segregation unconstitutional and John F. Kennedy federalized National Guard troops and deployed them to the University of Alabama to force its desegregation. -
Lester Maddox
He first came to national attention in 1964, when he violated the newly signed federal Civil Rights Act by refusing to serve three black students at his Restaurant. He was determined that no black should experience the ambience that he had reserved exclusively for whites. He sold his restaurant to ensure he will never have to serve blacks -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Act signed to end Jim Crow Laws. It outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Signed by President Lyndon Johnson -
Civil Rights Act of 1965
It prohibited the use of literacy tests as a part of the voter registration process. The literacy test was originally to keep immigrants from being able to vote. The act allowed to register anyone who qualified in the South. This gave the power to underrepresented minorities. -
Watts Riots
In the mostly black Watts neighborhood, two white police fought with a black driver suspected of drinking and driving. Neighbors got angry by what they believed to be an incident of racially motivated abuse by the police. A riot began, looting stores, torching buildings, and beating whites as snipers fired at police and firefighters. The five days of violence left 34 dead, 1,032 injured, nearly 4,000 arrested. The Watts riot was the worst urban riot in 20 years. -
Black Panthers
The Black Panther Party had four wants: equality in education, housing, employment and civil rights. They were willing to use violence to get their desires. They believed MLK's nonviolent approach was a failure. -
Desegregation
In 1968 Desegregation of schools began. The first one being the University of Alabama. There is still a lot more desegregating to do at this point, but it was the first step. -
Title IX
"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
