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between 1881-1914, over 2 mil Jews immigrated to America.
between 1915-1931, another half million immigrated -
JTS founded in New York, by rabbis from Sephardic congregations of Philly and NY. JTS was a response to the opening of Hebrew Union College.
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a response to JTS, soon followed by, in 902, the formation of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis
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joined Schechter and JTS to oppose Reform Judaism
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Solomon took JTS and set out to fundamentally transform it