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Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and Anton Van Leewenhoek observed the first microorganisms because of his invention of the microscope.
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Gregor Mendel discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
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Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation, established science of microbiology, and proposed the Germ Theory.
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Johann Mischer found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. Later led scientists to believe DNA was inheritable.
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Thomas Morgan discovered that genes were chromosomes.
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Fred Griffith using mice, proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another.
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Fleming isolated penicilin from a fungus.
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Chargaff showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equals those of thymine and cytosine equaled guanine
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Beadle and Tatum propesed that "One gene produces one enzyme"
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Hershey and Chase proved viruses replicated using DNA through their "blender experiment"
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established through X-Ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix.
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Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA
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Hayes disvovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria
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Walter Gerbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA.
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Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA.
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Khorana and Nirenburg disvocered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins.
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DNA plasmids were isolated and purified by Vingrad
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Madal and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli.
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Cloning experimetents were conducted by Boyer and Cohen.
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The world's first genetic engineering company.
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140 scientists met to draw up guidlines for work with recombinant DNA.
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Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA.
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Botstein found that one could be identified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes.
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Loise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby born from vitro fertilization.
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin into E. coli
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The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. Huge start-up for biotech companies
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Ohio University scientists created the first transgenic animals.
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Eli Lilly Company placed a human insulin gene inside of bacteria.
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Schell, Chilton, Van Motagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
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Kary Mullins invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA
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Profiling of the study if criminal cases
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Sped up labor-intense process
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Genes were moved into organism.
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NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in green houses and animals raised in barns
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Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing genes, in the worm C. elegans
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Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody technology
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Maynard Olson invented "yeast artificial chromosomes" (YACs) which are expression vectors for large proteins.
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin Institute in Scotland
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DNA microarray was developed
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Dalbiri and Garner invented automated DNA sequencer.
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Ron Breaker cointed the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity.
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Francis Collins and Craig Venter announced the Human Genome Project which provided ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.
