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Microorganisms and microscopes
Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and Anton Van Leewenhoek observed the first microorganisms because of his invention of the microscope. -
Inheritance of traits
Gregor Mendel discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits. -
Microbiology
Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation, established science of microbiology, and proposed the Germ Theory. -
Nucleic Acid
Johann Mischer found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. Later led scientists to believe DNA was inheritable. -
Chromosomes
Thomas Morgan discovered that genes were chromosomes. -
Genetic Material
Fred Griffith using mice, proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another. -
Penicilin
Fleming isolated penicilin from a fungus. -
Adenine equals thymine and cytosine equals guanine
Chargaff showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equals those of thymine and cytosine equaled guanine -
One gene produces one enzyme
Beadle and Tatum propesed that "One gene produces one enzyme" -
Viruses replicate DNA
Hershey and Chase proved viruses replicated using DNA through their "blender experiment" -
Double Helix
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established through X-Ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix. -
Structure of DNA
Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA -
Plasmid DNA
Hayes disvovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria -
Gene Expression
Walter Gerbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA. -
Bacterial restriction enzymes
Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA. -
64 Codons
Khorana and Nirenburg disvocered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins. -
Vinograd
DNA plasmids were isolated and purified by Vingrad -
Escherichia coli
Madal and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli. -
Cloning Experiements
Cloning experimetents were conducted by Boyer and Cohen. -
Glenentech is founded
The world's first genetic engineering company. -
recombinant DNA
140 scientists met to draw up guidlines for work with recombinant DNA. -
Sequence DNA
Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA. -
Botstein idnetified patteren in DNA
Botstein found that one could be identified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. -
Vitro Fertilization
Loise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby born from vitro fertilization. -
Synthetic Insulin gene into E. Coli
Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin into E. coli -
Genetically altered life is patented
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. Huge start-up for biotech companies -
First Transgenic animal
Ohio University scientists created the first transgenic animals. -
Human insulin in bacteria
Eli Lilly Company placed a human insulin gene inside of bacteria. -
Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
Schell, Chilton, Van Motagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer -
PCR
Kary Mullins invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA -
Jefferis applied RFLP in DNA
Profiling of the study if criminal cases -
Florescence sequencer
Sped up labor-intense process -
Gene Gun
Genes were moved into organism. -
NIH recised safety guideines
NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in green houses and animals raised in barns -
RNA interference
Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing genes, in the worm C. elegans -
Monoclonal Antibody
Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody technology -
YACs
Maynard Olson invented "yeast artificial chromosomes" (YACs) which are expression vectors for large proteins. -
Dolly the Sheep
Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roslin Institute in Scotland -
DNA Chip
DNA microarray was developed -
DNA Sequener
Dalbiri and Garner invented automated DNA sequencer. -
Riboswitch
Ron Breaker cointed the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity. -
Human Genome Project
Francis Collins and Craig Venter announced the Human Genome Project which provided ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.
