Important Events of the Rnaissance, Reformation and European Exploration

Hundred Years of War

Jan 5, 1337

Although this war lasted from 1337 to 1453, the Hundred Years of war was one of the main important years as these wars occured during the time of Renaissance where England was at war with France fighting over rival claims to territory in France, but fortunately France was able do defent their territory and have the victory at the end of these 100 years of war

The Black Death

Jan 1, 1347

The Bubonic Plague, mainly known as the Black Death killed 1.5 million out of 4 million people in Europe in the pre-Rnaissance dates. People during this time weren't medically advanced so they had no piror knowledge to this illnes, leading to the diffusion and spread of this plague, killing millions of people

Beginning of Renaissance

Jan 1, 1350

Beggining in Italy and then spreading to the rest of Europe in the late middle ages, the Renaissance was the cultural awakening in western Europe and was considered the transition from the Dark Ages/ Medieval Times to modern times

Brunelleschi's Linear Perspective

Dec 31, 1412

The invention or discovery of linear perspective, with the help of a vanishing point, allowed art to have depth and appeared to be in 3D

The Portuguese seize Ceuta

Jan 1, 1415

Ceuta is seized by the Portuguese, which sparks an interest in rounding Africa and b the 1400s, Portugal becomes strong enough to expand into Muslim North Africa. Here they seize the coastal city of Ceuta in 1415, who's vitory inspires Prince Henry, also known as Henry the Navigator, to organize trips along the western coast of Africa.

The Invention of the Printing Press by Johann Gutenberg

Dec 31, 1438

A new invention known as the printing press was created by Johann Gutenberg and was the main cause of the revolunized way of manufacturing books, and helped develope the studies of science and art

The Line of Demarcation: Spain and Portugal divided

May 4, 1493

Spain and Portugal become rivals as they both claim the lands that Columbus explored.1493 Pope Alexander VI is brought into the conflict to bring back peace between these two civilizations. A Line of Demarcation is set by the Pope, which divides the non-European world into two zones. Spain is then granted trading and exploration rights in all lands west of the line, while Portugal is given the same rights but to the east side of the line.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Jun 7, 1494

An agreement between Spain and Portugal that settled conflicts over the new lands that were discovered by Christopher Columbus and other 15th century explorers

Portugal Claims Brazil

Jun 7, 1494

As Spain continues claiming land in South America, a huge portion of this continent reamins unclaimed. The Treaty of Tordesillas however, gave Portugal the benefit of claiming Brail, in which it issues grants of land to Portuguese nobles. European settlers soon move into brazil and began their agricultural life

Christopher Columbus's Discovery of the New World

Jan 1, 1496

On October 12th, 1942, a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana, most known as Christopher Columbus claimed that he sighted land, and believed he should be rewarded for this finding. Later on the commander of the ship would tell the people who helped Columbus make this voyage, that he himself saw lights, which could indicate life already on the New World, which would cause suspicion if Columbus had been the first to discover this land

Vasco da Gama reaches India

May 20, 1498

After rounding the southern tip of Africa, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reaches India. Troughout the voyage the Portuguese lose halfof their ships and sailors suffer death, but the voyage becomes worth it as its highly profitable to the Portuguese, who then returnshome with a cargo of spices. This voyage shows that direct access to Asian is possible instead of them traveling through indirect overland routes

Da Gama: Treaty and Trading Post

Jan 1, 1502

After being mistaken for Christians, and havinf conglicts on his way back to Calhuit, Da Gamma, a Portuguese explorer, forces a treaty of cooperation on the ruler of Calicut and, before leaving once again, begins a trading post with spice merchants.

The "New World" : America

Apr 25, 1507

After reading reports about the discovery of "New World" wrby Columbus, written by Amerigo Vespucci, a German mapmaker names & maps the region as America, and also the Caribbean islands that Columbusfirst discovered are named the West Indies.

Raphael's "The School of Athens"

Dec 31, 1509

Many famous artists and philosophers of this time era were painting on this famous painting that captures a so called "classical spirit of the Renaissance, which is why its considered Raphael's masterpiece of art

Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel

Dec 31, 1511

Michelangelo was forced by a Pope to paint 9 scenes from the old testament on the walls and celling of the Sistine Chapel

Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses

Oct 31, 1517

This was one of the most important events on the Reformation as Luther nailed the 95 Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg since all public disputations or disagreences were addresed in this manner. He was against the indulgence system, papal authority, and the existence of purgatory. This is what lead to the religious revolution as it caused religious fervor that affected many locations accross Germany and other locations

Hernan Cortés lands in Mexico.

Feb 1, 1519

The Spanish explorer Hernan Cortés lands on the coast of Mexico accompaninoned by 600 men, 16 horses, and a few cannons. However the Spaniards are outnumbered by large amounts of Aztecs. They do however, capture and destroy the capital city of Tenochtitlán in 1521. This virtory inspires other conquistadors to conquer regions in the Americas.

Martin Luther’s Three Treatises

Jan 1, 1520

Three treaties were given tothe German people in 1520 which included the Appeal to the German Nobility, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and The Freedom of the Christian, which seemed like a pasionate call to the reformation of the church. It also caused the Protestant movement in Germany to spark and influnced many people in the years to come

Publication of Luther’s Translation of the New Testament

Jan 1, 1522

Luther publicated the New Testament into common German that caused a turning point in the Reformation, and was then translated in many other common-man transaltions in other countires. These transaltions of the Bible allowed the Reformers to corect or check over their criticism of papacy, and allowed any one to read the Scriptures on their own without having to rely on the Church's authority

The Vittoria Completes its Navigation Around the Globe

Sep 8, 1522

In 1522 Ferdinand Magellan leads the initial expedition, but he and his companinoons on the four other ships do not survive the entire voyage. Then, afterly almost three years of sailing, Vittoria completes the first circumnavigation of the globe.

European Wars of Religion

Jan 1, 1524

These events were a series of wars between ca. 1524 -1648, which lead to the Protestant Reformation later on in time, mainly in West and Northern Europe. These wars were mainly caused because of the religious chnaged that occured during this period of time causing problems between people to be produced because of their religious beliefs

The Marburg Colloquy

Oct 1, 1529

A meeting that took place at Marburg Castle, Marburg, Hesse, in Germany which was held to solve a disagreement between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli on the Lord's supper, hich wasn't solved and lead the Lutherand and Reformed to go in their own separate ways, which created strong conflicts that kept religious unity from taking place, leading to Protestantism to split into even more different groups

Francisco Pizarro and the execution of the last Inca emperor

Aug 29, 1533

Inspired by the success of Cortés in Mexico, Francisco Pizarro lands in Peru in 1532, then capitalizes on the unrest in the Incan empire. He then captures the Inca emperor, and execute, or kills him in 1533. This causes the Spread of the Spanish Empire across Ecuador and Chile, most of South America

Act of Supremacy

Jan 1, 1534

The Act of Supremacy granted the King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy or he right to rule over the Church of England. In other words, it gave him the right to rule the Church of England as he pleased

Clavin's Institutes

Jan 1, 1536

John Calvin’s theology, "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" became the basis for the adoption of Reformed theology in Europe and America, which were visionaries of theology, compared to those of other Reformer's theologies which lead to many conflicts

The Council of Trent

Dec 13, 1545

One of the Roman Cathoic Church's most important variety of church councils that addressed the Protestant Reformation and became kown as the visible form of "Counter-Reformation"

The Peace of Augsburg

Sep 25, 1555

The toleration of religion granted by rulers to the poeple living in their territory lead to the end of the first religious war. It also formed the foundation for the Edict of Nates and the Act of Toleration as it was the beginning of religious toleration in Europe

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Aug 24, 1572

This tragic even in the Catholic mob violence against Huguentos, which lasted for months, took the lives of thousands of peeople, specailly French Protestants. This Massacre was the turning event/point in the French Wars of Religion, as it caused a reformation of the Huguenot movement.

The Last Super

Jan 1, 1595

This paintng was an important part of this time period due to the fcat that there were many religious conflicts and this painting has a lot to do with religion as its an illustration of how the final days of Jesusu and Jesus's last supper would of been like where he declared that one of his twelve apostales would betray him

The Edict of Nantes

Apr 13, 1598

A law declared at Nates in Brittany by Henry IV of France granting a large measure of religious freedom to the Huguenots, Henrys IV's group of protestant subjects