I and II INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  • T, Newcomen’s steam engine

    T, Newcomen’s steam engine
    In 1712, after ten years of conducting experiments with steam pumps, English inventor Thomas Newcomen created his first steam engine.
  • John kay’s flying shuttle

    John kay’s flying shuttle
    In 1733, he received a patent for his most revolutionary device: a "wheeled shuttle" for the hand loom. It greatly accelerated weaving, by allowing the shuttle carrying the weft to be passed through the warp threads faster and over a greater width of cloth.
  • ·James Watt’s steam engine

    ·James Watt’s steam engine
    By isolating the condensation process from the cylinder, he minimized heat loss and maximized power output. He also introduced the double-acting engine, which allowed for power to be generated in both the upward and downward strokes of the piston.
  • ·James Hargreaves spinning jenny

    ·James Hargreaves spinning jenny
    The spinning jenny was a machine used for spinning wool or cotton. The spinning jenny helped to usher in the Industrial Revolution in the textile industry.
  • Richard Arkwright’s water mill

    Richard Arkwright’s water mill
    Water frame developed by Richard Arkwright in 1775. Installed in water powered factories, the machine could spin large quantities of cotton yarn.
  • Samuel Cromopton’s spinning mule

    Samuel Cromopton’s spinning mule
    The spinning mule was invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779, a period of rapid invention and technological advancement, especially in mechanised spinning and textile production.
  • Edmund Cartwright’s power loom

    Edmund Cartwright’s power loom
    was a mechanized device designed to automate the weaving process. Successful power loom operations played a significant role in transforming the textile industry by reducing dependence on human labor and revolutionizing the way fabrics were produced.
  • Steaphenson’s “PUFFING DEVIL”

    Steaphenson’s “PUFFING DEVIL”
    George Stephenson pioneered rail transport with his invention of the modern steam locomotive and developed the first public inter-city railway line in the world during the 19th century.
  • ·R. Fulton's steamboat

    ·R. Fulton's steamboat
    Fulton unveiled the first successful steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807; the Clermont was a flat-bottomed steamship with a rectangular stern, whose steam engine powered two paddle wheels. River travel was tedious for a time before the Clermont.
  • Luddites opposed machines in textile ind.

    Luddites opposed machines in textile ind.
    The original Luddites were British weavers and textile workers who objected to the increased use of mechanized looms and knitting frames.
  • First plastics

    First plastics
    In 1856, the first patent was granted to Alexander Parkes for his material called parkesine, the first man-made plastic.
  • ·Transcontinental railroad

    ·Transcontinental railroad
    The transcontinental railroad was a train route across the United States that was finished in 1869. The route connected the east and west regions of the U.S. by rail for the first time. The transcontinental railroad began construction after the Pacific Railway Act was signed by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862.
  • unification of germany

    unification of germany
    After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871 at Versailles, uniting all scattered parts of Germany except Austria. Victory in the Franco-Prussian War proved the capstone of the nationalist issue, rallying the other German states into unity.
  • Edison’s light bulb

    Edison’s light bulb
    By January 1879, at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison had built his first high resistance, incandescent electric light.
  • I Boer war

    I Boer war
    The First Boer War (1880-1881) was a conflict between the Boers of the Transvaal and the British Empire after Britain annexed their territory. The Boers, using guerrilla tactics, defeated the British in key battles like Majuba Hill. The war ended with the Pretoria Convention, which restored Transvaal's independence under British oversight. This conflict set the stage for the Second Boer War.
  • The first skyscraper in Chicago

    The first skyscraper in Chicago
    In architectural history, one structure stands as the leader of a new era—the Home Insurance Building. Completed in 1885 on LaSalle Street between Adams and Monroe, it holds the distinction of being among the world's first skyscrapers.
  • Beginning of colonization of Berlin congo

    Beginning of colonization of Berlin congo
    The colonization of the Congo began in the late 19th century, driven by King Leopold II of Belgium. He sent Henry Morton Stanley to explore the region and establish treaties. In 1885, the Berlin Conference recognized Leopold as the sovereign of the Congo Free State, allowing for the exploitation of its resources through forced labor. Reports of human rights abuses led to international outrage, and in 1908, Leopold ceded control to the Belgian government, transitioning it into a Belgian colony
  • berlin conference

    berlin conference
    The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) was a meeting of European powers, organized by Otto von Bismarck, in order to regulate colonization and trade in Africa during the “Partition of Africa”. No African representatives participated.
  • First moving picture

    First moving picture
    The earliest surviving film, known today as the Roundhay Garden Scene (1888), was captured by Louis Le Prince and briefly depicted members of his family in motion.
  • Wilhelm II crowned Kaisen of Germany

    Wilhelm II crowned Kaisen of Germany
    Wilhelm II was crowned Kaiser of Germany on June 15, 1888, after the death of his father, Friedrich III. His reign was marked by autocratic rule, aggressive foreign policies, and military expansion, which contributed to rising tensions in Europe leading up to World War I. Wilhelm II abdicated on November 9, 1918, as the German Empire collapsed, paving the way for the establishment of the Weimar Republic.
  • Invention of the radio

    Invention of the radio
    Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi became known across the world as the most successful inventor in applying radio waves to human communication in the 1890s.
  • fashoda affair

    fashoda affair
    The Fashoda Affair (1898) was a diplomatic conflict between France and Britain over control of the Sudan during the Scramble for Africa. French and British forces met at Fashoda on the Nile, both claiming the region. Tensions nearly led to war, but diplomacy prevailed, and France eventually withdrew, recognizing British control over the area. This incident strengthened British influence in Sudan and led to improved Anglo-French relations, culminating in the Entente Cordiale of 1904.
  • II Boer war

    II Boer war
    The Second Boer War (1899–1902) was a conflict between the British Empire and the Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State over British expansion and gold resources. Initially successful, the Boers used guerrilla tactics against a strong British counteroffensive. The war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging, establishing British control over the Boer territories.
  • boxer rebellion

    boxer rebellion
    was the culmination of Chinese discontent with the economic and political interference of foreign powers, especially European and Japanese. The “Boxers”, as they became known, launched an armed campaign to expel all foreigners from China. Although some of their members carried firearms, most were armed only with spears and swords. In some areas, the Boxers were reinforced by better-equipped Chinese imperial troops.
  • Wright brothers

    Wright brothers
    The Wright brothers' invention of the airplane, starting with the 1903 Wright Flyer, truly changed the world.
  • Henry Ford’s T’ model

    Henry Ford’s T’ model
    The Model T was introduced to the world in 1908. Henry Ford wanted the Model T to be affordable, simple to operate, and durable.
  • Annexation of Congo Free State

    Annexation of Congo Free State
    The annexation of the Congo Free State occurred in 1908, transferring control from King Leopold II to the Belgian government due to international outrage over human rights abuses. Established in 1885 as Leopold's personal possession, the Congo was marked by brutal exploitation for rubber and ivory. Activists’ reports of atrocities led to increased pressure, resulting in the Congo becoming the Belgian Congo on November 15, 1908, though exploitative practices persisted.
  • Crisis of agadir

    Crisis of agadir
    The Agadir Crisis (1911) was a diplomatic conflict between Germany and France over control of Morocco. France occupied Fez, and in response, Germany sent the SMS Panther to Agadir. The situation strained relations between the powers, but was resolved peacefully with an agreement: Germany recognized French control in Morocco in exchange for territory in the Congo. This incident increased tensions in Europe and contributed to the atmosphere that led to the First World War.
  • I Balkan war

    I Balkan war
    The First Balkan War (1912-1913) saw the Balkan League (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria) defeat the Ottoman Empire, beginning on October 8, 1912. The conflict ended with the Treaty of London on May 30, 1913, which resulted in significant territorial losses for the Ottomans. Disputes over the division of land, especially between Bulgaria and Serbia, increased tensions, leading to the Second Balkan War and contributing to the causes of World War I.
  • II Balkan war

    II Balkan war
    The Second Balkan War (June-August 1913) began when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its territorial gains from the First Balkan War, attacked Serbia and Greece on June 29. Bulgaria faced defeats and was soon joined against by Romania and the Ottoman Empire. The war ended with the Treaty of Bucharest on August 10, forcing Bulgaria to cede territory to its former allies. This conflict heightened regional tensions and contributed to the causes of World War I.
  • Beginning of the ww1

    Beginning of the ww1
    Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, beginning World War I.