-
4000 BCE
Primitive Times
-Illness and diseases were
Caused by evil spirits and demons -a punishment from the Gods -Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis) -Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull) -Average life span was 20 years -
3000 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
-Physicians were priests -Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians -Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment -Average life span was 20-30 years -
1700 BCE
Ancient Chinese 1700bc- AD 220
-Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body -Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs -Used therapies such as acupuncture -Began to search for medical reasons for illness -Average life span was 20-30 years -
1200 BCE
Ancinet Greeks 1200 BC -200 BC
-Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians -First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences. -Believed illness is a result of natural causes -Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment -Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease -Average life span was 25-35 years -
753 BCE
753 BC-AD4 10 Ancient Romans
-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers -Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents -First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts -Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile -Life span was 25-35 years -
400
Dark ages AD 400- AD 800
-Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited -Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease -Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people -Medications were mainly herbal mixtures -Average life span was 20-30 years
Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
800
AD 800 - AD 1400 Middle Ages
-Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans -1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses -1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
Major diseases included -smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria -1220-1255: Medical Universities were established -Average life span was 20-35 years -
1350
AD 1350 - AD 1650 Renaissance
-Rebirth of Science of Medicine -Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology -1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared -1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) -Average life span was 30-40 years -Disease cause STILL a mystery -
1500
16th and 17th Centuries
-Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
-1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, & sold medications
-1670: Invention of the microscope
-Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
-Huge advancement
- 35-45 years life
-Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections-Some enlightenment though due to microscope -
18th century
-1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer -1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals -1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding -1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
Average life span 40-50 years -
19th Century
-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations -1895: X-Ray Machine Developed -1893: First Open Heart Surgery -Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease -1816: Invention of the stethoscope -1860: Formal training for nurses began -Women became active participants in health care -Average life span 40-60 years -
20th century
-1901: ABO blood groups discovered -Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed -1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes -1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
New machines developed -1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine -1953: Heart Lung Machine -Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions -1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
20th-21st century - Top 10
-1910: Laparoscopic Surgery -Minimal Invasive Surgery -1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies -Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth -Identify and kill the cancer cells -1990: Smoke Free Laws -Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke -1996: Advances in HIV Medication -Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span -1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research -Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
20th century vaccines
-Diptheria – 1921 -Tuberculosis – 1925 -Pertussis – 1927 -Typhus – 1937 -Influenza – 1945 -Oral Polio – 1962 -Measles – 1963 -Mumps – 1967 -Rubella – 1970 -Chicken Pox – 1974 -Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977 -Meningitis – 1978 -Hepatitis B – 1981 -Hepatitis A – 1992 -Lyme Disease – 1998 -Rotavirus - 1998 -
20th Century (continued)
-1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant -Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research -1978: Test tube babies -Organ Transplants -1960: Kidney -1963: Liver -1967: Heart -1982: Artificial Heart -
21st Century - Top 10
-2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In -2003: Human Genome Project Completed -Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases -2005: Face Transplants
Vaccines -2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
Prevent Cervical Cancer -2015: Malaria -2015: Ebola