History of SPED

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  • delinquency prevention programs

    First special education programs geared towards "at risk" youth in urban slums. Taught manual training classes such as carpentry, metal work, cooking and sewing to supplement general education classes.

  • Brown v. Board of Education

    This set the precedent that segregation was wrong and it hurt the children being segregated. Later parents of students with disabilities used this case to prevent their child from being excluded or segregated because of their disability.

  • Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)

    This act helped to provide resources to underprivileged students to ensure that all students have access to quality education. In 1966 it was amended to specifically add handicapped children and in 1970 congress passed the education of the handicapped act to encourage individual states to create programs for handicapped children.

  • Pennsylvania Assn. for Retarded Children v.Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (PARC)

    Before this case, schools were allowed to deny education to children who had not attained a mental age of five years old. The argument was that they could learn from being in school and the exclusion had a negative effect on the child. A judged ruled the current practice unconstitutional and required a free public education to all children ages 6 to 21 years old.

  • Mills v. Board of Education, DC

    A school in the District of Columbia tried to exclude a student because he would be too costly to educate because of behavior issues. This was found to be unconstitutional and the judge further ordered accessible, free and suitable education, to not suspend a child for more than 2 days without a hearing, and provide public education program tailored to individual needs.

  • Rehabilitation Act of 1973

    This act prohibits discrimination based on a disability by programs receiving federal financial assistance. Section 504 of this act requires schools to provide a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to each person with a disability within their school district.

  • Public Law 94-142: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

    All children with disabilities would have the right to education and state and local educational agencies may be held accountable for providing the service. Congress created “procedural safeguards” that protect the rights of children and their parents.

  • School Committee of Town of Burlington, Mass. v. Department of Educ. of Mass., 471 U.S. 359 (1985)

    This case states that parents may obtain reimbursement for private school expenses if a school does not provide FAPE and enrolls them in a private school. This sets a precedence for future cases where the school must reimburse parents for not providing FAPE.

  • The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    Prohibits discrimination to any person with disabilities in all areas of public life. ADA is broken into five main sections. Title I is employment, Title II is public services, Title III is public accommodations and services, Title IV is telecommunications and Title V is Miscellaneous Provisions.

  • Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004

    IDEA had 2 main purposes: first to provide education that meets a child's individual needs and prepares the child for further education, employment and independent living and second to protect the rights of children with disabilities and their parents.

  • Winkelman v. Parma City School Dist., 550 U.S. 516 (2007)

    This court case grants parents of students with disabilities rights under IDEA and can therefore, prosecute IDEA claims.