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White House Conference on Children of 1910
"A primary goal of this conference was to define and establish remedial programs for children with disabilities or special needs....The conference led to an increased interest in educating children with disabilities in public school settings rather than institutionalizing them," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Founded
"The Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) is a professional organization concerned with the education of children with special needs....The organization is a major force in (a) the development of innovative educational programming, (b) preservice and in-service teacher education, and (c) policy making and lobbying efforts for children and youth with special needs," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
Brown v. Board of Education
"A major victory for the civil rights movement and became the major underpinning for further civil rights action. The Brown decision not only had a tremendous impact on societal rights for minorities, but also affected many aspects of educational law and procedure. Although it took time, the precedents set in Brown resulted in sweeping changes in the schools’ policies and approaches to students with disabilities," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
"The purpose of the ESEA was to provide federal money to states to improve educational opportunities for disadvantaged children, including students with disabilities who attended state schools for the deaf, blind, and retarded. The following year an amendment to this act, Title VI of the ESEA, added funding for grants for pilot programs to develop promising programs for children with disabilities," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
"• Held that because segregation in public schools by race was illegal, it would be unconstitutional for the D.C. Board of Education to deprive students with disabilities from receiving an education," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
"• Prohibited discrimination against otherwise qualified persons with disabilities in programs that receive federal funding," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA)
"• Provided federal funding to states that agree to educate eligible students with disabilities as required in the EAHCA
• Established the rights of eligible students with disabilities to a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment
• Required schools to develop an IEP
• Established procedural safeguards," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
"• Renamed the EAHCA the IDEA
• Added traumatic brain injury and autism as new disability categories under the IDEA
• Added a transition requirement to the IEP for students age 16 or older
• Added language that states were not immune from lawsuits under the 11th Amendment for violations of the IDEA
• Changed to “people first” language," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
Americans with Disabilities Act
"The ADA mandates protections for persons with disabilities against discrimination in a wide range of activities in both the public and private sector. The law focuses primarily on employment and public services. The impact of the ADA on special education services for students with disabilities in school dis-tricts is primarily limited to reinforcing and extending the requirements of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973," (Yell, Chapter Four: The Americans with Disabilities Act 2016) -
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997
"• Added new IEP contents and changed the IEP team
• Added new disciplinary provisions
• Required states to offer mediation to parents prior to due process hearings
• Reorganized the structure of the IDEA," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016) -
Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Education Act
"• Defined a “highly qualified” special education teacher
• Removed the short-term objectives requirement from IEPs, except for students with severe disabilities
• Prohibited states from requiring school districts to use a discrepancy formula for determining eligibility of students with learning disabilities
• Encouraged the use of a response-to-intervention model to determine if students were learning disabled," (Yell, Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities 2016). -
References
- Yell, M. L. (2016). Chapter Three: The History of the Law and Children with Disabilities. In The Law and Special Education (Fourth ed., pp. 35-50). Boston: Pearson.
- Yell, M. L. (2016). Chapter Four: The Americans with Disabilities Act. In The Law and Special Education (Fourth ed., pp. 109-123). Boston: Pearson.