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Enacting compulsory education law.
early common schools educated students of all ages in the same classroom. In the one-room school house, students of different ages, different abilities, and different backgrounds learned side by side. -
Brown verses the Topeka Board of Education
radically altered the national school population. This landmark case, acted upon by the U.S. Supreme Court, decreed that "Segregated but equal." school facilities for blacks and whites school children were discriminatory and unconstitutional. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Gave support to advocates who pushed for the inclusion of students with disablities in public schools. -
Mainsteaming
this is a term used to promote the integration of school-aged youth with disabilities into classrooms with their peers with out disabilities followed by the successful efforts to deinstittionalize programs for adults and children with disabilities. -
Pennsylvania Legislation
provided for the exclusion of specific children from school. Children evaluated uneducable because of below-average IQ scores were assigned to the Department of Public welfare for training in state-run institutions. -
Diana v. California state Board of Education.
the issue of Mexican American student over-representation in special classes for students with mild intellectual disabilities, was addressed. -
PARC V. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
was prompted by the state policy of denying a public education to youngsters with intellectual disability. -
Mills v. the Board of Education of the District of Columbia
litigants challenged the exclusion of children identified as mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed, learning disabled, visually impaired, hearing impaired, and physically disabled from Washington D.C. schools. -
Section 504 of the Rehablitation Act of 1973
no otherwise qualified individual with disability.... shall solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. -
U.S congress
estimated that a million school aged youngsters were denied the right to an appropriate education because they were different. -
Issac Lora et al. v. The Board of Education of New York
Nondiscriminatory assessment procedures mus be used when placing minority students with emotional problems in special education programs. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
this law is also known as public law 94-142. This landmark federal legislation mandated a free and appropriate education for students with disabilities aged 3 to 21. -
Fredrick L. v. Thomas (Philadelphia).
class action suit that reaffirmed the right of students with learning disabilities to have appropriate education programs. -
Larry P. v. Riles (California).
Intelligence tests banned in California when assessing African American students as mildly retarded. Disproportionate numbers of African American students were placed in special classes for the mildly retarded. -
Luke s. and Hans s. v. Nixe et al. (Louisiana).
PreReferral interventions, curriculum-based assessment, and direct classroom interventions were mandated for students with mild disabilities. -
Board of Education of the Henrick Hudson School System v. Rowley
This Supreme Court decision clarified "appropriate" education by determining that the intent of P.L. 94-142 is to open the doors of public schools to students with disabilities, not to provide opportunities for students to reach maximum potential. Due process procedures to determine an appropriate education were reaffirmed by the court. -
Smith v. Robinson
The Supreme Court decision restricted the ability of students and their families to recover legal fees incurred in due process hearings. This decision was negated in 1986 when congress passed the Handicapped Children's Protection Act, which restored the courts authority to award legal fees to parents who succeed in lawsuits or administrative hearings. -
Marshall v. Georgia
Judge Edenfiel ruled that the over representation of African Americans in special classes was not discriminatory. In this view, lower socioeconomic conditions rather than discriminatory assessment and placement practices was the reason African American students were placed in programs for the mildly mentally retarded. -
Burlington v. Department of Education, Masachusettes.
The Supreme Court found that parents had the right to public school reimbursement of private school tuition if the public school program rejected by parents was inappropriate. -
Honig v. Doe
The Supreme Court decreed that school systems may not unilaterally exclude children with disabilities from the classroom for dangerous or disruptive behavior. Any programmatic changes because of behavior disturbances must follow due process procedures outlined in P.L. 94-142 in drastic situations the school can suspend a student for up to 10 days. -
Daniel R. R. V. State Board of Education
District and appeals courts upheld the hearing officer's decision that general education curriculum was beyond abilities of a student with retardation and that he would receive little benefits from mainstreaming. The courts found that for some children placement in general education environment would not provide a free appropriate education. -
Moore v. District of Columbia
Revising and earlier decision, the federal appeals court ruled that prevailing parents were entitled to recover attorney fees when a final resolution of their special education dispute came at the administrative hearing level. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
The ADA guarantees access, accommodation, and removal of barriers to help people with disabilities fully participate in society. In 1990 Congress passed the ADA -
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
The court held that provision of a sign language interpreter in a parochial school was not an entitlement under IDEA. the decision was reversed in a finding that services of an interpreter were part of a general government program that distributed benefits to any child qualifying for services regardless of the school the student attended. -
K.R. v. Andrson Community School Corp.
The seventh circuit court decided that a student with severe disabilities was not entitled to a publicly funded personal assistant while attending a parochial school. the ruling set forth that under the IDEA students with disabilities who choose to attend religious school need not receive the full range of services they would receive if they attended public school, but they must receive some services. -
Cedar Rapids Community school district V. Garrett F.
During the school day, Garret required services of specially trained nurse because of his health needs. The school district , believing that they were not obligated under IDEA to provide continuous nursing care, refused to provide the services. The supreme court held that the school district had to pay for the nursing services required by Garret when he was at school. -
No Child left Behind
this reauthorization of the Elementary and secondary education Act set challenging new academic standards for the education of this country's youth. The Act is based upon 4 education reform principles: 1. stronger school accountability is needed for student improved learning. 2. Local schools need increased flexibility in order to respond to specific student needs. 3. Expanded options should be made available to parents. 4. Teaching methods should have a stong positive research basis. -
Lewisville Independent School District v. chalrles W. and Gay W.
The Fifth circuit court of the U.S. determined that an intellectually superior 7th grader with pervasive developmental disorder received FAPE, despite the parents belief that the child could make better grades and should attend a private school for children with disabilities. The court determined that his IEP was individualized, addressed all his special needs, and resulted in both academic and non academic progress. -
C.J. v. Indian River County Schoo Board.
The court agreed with the hearing officer's determination that a student presenting with bipolar disorder and oppositional defiance disorder was not eligible for special education because there was no support for finding of emotional disturbance. Although the student exhibited behavior and feelings that were inappropriate under normal circumstances, the behaviors were intermittent in the school setting. -
Re Authorization of IDEA
in 2004 President George W. Bush signed the reauthorized IDEA into law, the provisions of the act became effective on July 1, 2005, with the exception of some of the elements pertaining to the definition of a "highly Qualified teacher" that took effect upon the signing of the act. -
The Final Regulations of IDEA/NCLB
this was published on August 14,2006 and required the alignment of IDEA and NCLB. From early beginnings in isolation and discrimination, individuals with disabilities have taken their rightful place in the mainstream of the U.S. education system.