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Brown v. Board of Education
- Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation of children in public schools is unconstitutional -Catalyst for future educational equality cases
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Prohibited segregation in public places
-Made employment discrimination illegal
-Prohibited use of federal funds for any discriminatory program
-Authorized Office of Education now Department of Education -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act
-Provides federal funding to primary and secondary education
-Mandates funding for professional development, instructional materials, resources to support educational programs, and the promotion of parental involvement
-Aimed to shorten the achievement gap of students from lower-income families
-Amended the following year to provide federal funding to increase programs for children with disabilities -
PARC v. Commonwealth of PA
-Fought law that had allowed public schools to deny services to children “who have not attained a mental age of five years” by the start of first grade
-Ruling requires PA schools to provide a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
-Helped lay the groundwork for passing the Education for All Handicapped Children Act -
Mills vs Board of Education
-Fought against students being expelled or denied education due to mental/behavioral disabilities
-Court found denying students with a disability is equivalent to discriminating against students due to race citing Civil Rights Act
-Helped lay groundwork for passing Education for All Handicapped Children Act
-Compulsory attendance law factor in that student behavior would continue at any school due to disability
-School must conduct social/emotional assessments to develop positive behavior plan -
The Rehabilitation Act-504
-First disability civil rights law enacted in the U.S.
-Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funding -
The Education for All handicapped Children's Act (PL 94-142)
-Started requiring schools to develop an Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
-Established educational safeguards for students with disabilities and their parents -
Armstrong v. Kline
-Parents of student noticed their children in special education began to regress during summer break
-Ruled in favor of parents and led to creation of the extended school year (ESY) program
-ESY is available to children with disabilities -
Larry P.vs Riles
-Fought against IQ tests used to place African American students into “educable mentally retarded” (EMR) classes
-Cited violation of Title VI of Civil Rights Act of 1964 claiming tests were biased
-Court ruled that IQ testing cannot be sole indicator of placement -
Hendrick Hudson School v. Rowley
-Sued school for not providing interpreter for deaf student, citing violation of Education for All Handicapped Children act
-Supreme Court ruled in favor of school because Rowley was succeeding without the interpreter
-Case offered a new interpretation of FAPE
-Created a definition of FAPE and clarified that students do not need to have maximum support but enough to "permit the child to benefit educationally from that instruction" -
Irving Independent School District vs Tatro
-Court’s first attempt to define the distinction between “school health services” and “medical services”
-Parents sued school for not providing catheterization services to student with bladder disability citing violation of Education for All Handicapped Children Act
-Ruled that school had to provide catheterization services during class hours to a student with spina bifida -
Burlington School Committee vs DOE
-Parents removed student from public school after part of IEP created had him moving to another school which parents did not agree with
-Using Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) safeguards which granted courts authority to grant whatever relief they determined was appropriate in disagreement of IEP
-Supreme Court ruled parents could be reimbursed for private school tuition after disagreeing with IEP designed by public school officials -
EHA Amendment
-Created Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Program
-Provides educational services for children birth through age 2 with disabilities -
Honig vs Doe
-Ruled schools cannot not expel or indefinitely suspend students for behaviors related to their disabilities
-Court enacted that states must provide services directly to students with disabilities when local school boards fail to do so -
Danny R.R. vs State Board of Education
-Parents filed suit claiming that school's refusal to place student in regular ed classroom violated EAHCA
-Resulted in the Daniel two-part test where school has done their legal obligation by meeting two requirements:
1. Can education in the general education classroom with supplementary aids and services be achieved satisfactory
2. If a student is placed in a more restrictive setting, is the student integrated to the maximum extent appropriate
-Court found student's needs disrupted classroom -
EHA Amendment
-Renamed Education for All Handicapped Children Act into The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
-Added traumatic brain injury and autism as new categories of disability
-Transition plan for students no later than age 16 was added
-Expanded scope of services to include social work and rehabilitation counseling -
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
-civil rights law prohibiting discrimination based on a disability in public life (jobs, schools, transportation, any public place)
-to be protected one must have a disability as classified by the ADA -
Board of Education in Sacramento CA vs Holland
-Family requested student be placed full-time in regular education classroom, school offered half-time placement after family sought mediation
-Court found school had not made sufficient effort to accommodate student within general education setting
-District unable to prove significantly higher cost of placing student in regular education classroom
-Landmark victory regarding the LRE right of students with disabilities be educated alongside their non-disabled peers -
Oberti vs Board of Education
-Parents filed lawsuit citing school did not attempt to include student in regular education classroom to the "maximum extent appropriate"
-Parents fought that student could benefit in regular ed classroom with supplemental aids and services
-Developed two part "Oberti Test" to determine school compliance of least restrictive environment LRE -
EHA/IDEA Amendment
-Changed the IEP team and added new components
-Reorganized the structure of IDEA
-Began requiring states to offer intervention efforts to parents before due process hearings -
Cedar Rapids Community School District vs Garrett F.
-Family of student with disability sought nursing services be provided by school after they supplied necessary personal attendant up to 5th grade
-Ruled that IDEA requires school boards to provide continuous nursing services to disabled students who need them during the school day as long as services of license physician not needed
-Since the student did require a doctor to provide the services, court ruled that school must provide nursing service -
No Child Left Behind
-Reaction to the low academic achievement of American students
-Began holding the government responsible for the gains for students academically
-Kickstarted standardized testing -
IDEA Amendment
-Gave a definition to "highly qualified" special education teacher
-encouraged the use of the RTI model in classrooms
-Removed short term goals in IEP's except for those with severe disabilities -
Gaskin vs Commonwealth of PA
-Fought to ensure that school districts comply with existing federal laws mainly regarding "Least Restrictive Environment" (LRE)
-Ruling enacts monitoring how well schools are providing services to students with disabilities
-Led to development of new policies requiring consideration/provision of supplementary aids and services in classrooms to all students with disabilities who can benefit from education in regular ed classes -
Every Student Succeeds Act
-Replaced No Child Left Behind act
-Gives more decision power to States in education planning within Federal framework
-Goal is to close education achievement gaps, provide all children with a equitable, high-quality education by encouraging personalized learning
-Requires states to involve parents in the accountability process for schools -
Endrew F v. Douglas County School District
-Parents sued for private school tuition reimbursement after public school was unable to provide "significant improvements"
-Lower courts ruled in favor of school district, citing right to free public education but no particular level of education
-Supreme Court ruled in favor of higher standards for public school education provided to students with disabilities