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Civil Rights Movement and Brown v. Board of Education
These two major events had a huge impact on the treatment of students with special needs. The Brown v. Board of Education provided equal education to all and outlawed discrimination/segregation based on unalterable traits such as race and disabilities (Dray, 2008). -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
One of the cases that acted as a catalyst to the right-to-education movement. "The PARC ruling stated that individuals with mental retardation between the ages of six and twenty-one must be provided with a free public education in programs comparable to their nondisabled peers (Dray, 2008)." -
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
The second case that was a landmark in the right-to-education movement. "The Mills case paved the way for the right to due process and procedural safeguards such as the right to a hearing with representation, and an impartial officer; the right to appeal; the right to have access to records; and the requirement of written notice during all phases of the process. -
The Rehabilitation Act
The act states that "...any agency or activity receiving federal funding could not discriminate against or deny benefits to individuals with disabilities (Dray, 2008)." -
IDEA-Special Education Legislation
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was the first piece of legislation on special education. -
Education of All Handicapped Children Action
The main purpose of the Action was to provide not only an educational bill of rights but also financial incentives to assist schools in providing equal educational opportunity. -
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Dismantling of Institutions
During the Reagan administration the last of the institutions were closed, this was also during the deinstitutionalization movement. -
The Handicapped Children's Protection Act
This act afforded courts the authority to award attorney's fees to parents or guardians who were in litigation (Dray, 2008). -
Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities Act
This act which is now a subchapter of the IDEA act, provides parents and families with comprehensive services for their child from the onset of diagnosis through school-age, typically birth through age five (Dray, 2008). -
Reauthorization of IDEA
-"Handicapped" was replaced with "Disability"
-people-first language was used
-a transition component for students sixteen years and older was added -
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
This act afforded antidiscrimination protection. -
Reauthorization of IDEA
The reauthorization of IDEA due to the disproportionate care minorities who need special education placement. Focused on "preventing the intensification of problems connected with mislabeling and high dropout rates among minority children with disabilities (Skiba et al., 2008)." -
IDEA updates
Third version of the IDEA legislation amplifies the vision of the second version. Protecting minorities from discrimination in special education.