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Council for Exceptional Children (CEC)
Was organized by a group of educators attending the summer session at Teachers College, Columbia University, and their faculty members. The Council for Exceptional Children is the first advocacy group for children with disabilities. The main objective is to ensure that children with special needs receive free appropriate public education. -
National Association for R.C
The organization was called the National Association for Retarded Children from 1953 to 1973 and then was the National Association for Retarded Citizens from 1973 to 1981, the Association for Retarded Citizens of the United States from 1981 to 1992. In 1992, the organization changed its name from "Association for Retarded Citizens of the United States" to "The Arc". The Arc of the United States is an organization serving people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Children from 4 states argued that segregated public schools were inherently unequal and deprived them of equal protection of the laws. In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. This court case brought the attention of special needs students v. general education students. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
(https://youtu.be/QQzCV1UdPLc)
THE ESEA enacted in 1965, is the nation's national education law and shows the commitment of the federal government to protect and provide equal opportunity for all students, including access to public education and established the free and reduced lunch system. This law gives grants program that put into place programs to educate student with disabilities. -
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Association_for_Retarded_Citizens_(PARC)_v._Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania)
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC).
In 1971, Thomas K. Gilhool, the attorney who represented the PARC, relied on Brown in his class action suit filed on behalf of 14 children with developmental disabilities who had been denied access to public education in Pennsylvania to children who had reached the age of 8, yet had not reached the mental age of 5. -
Mills v. Board of Education of Columbia
The Mills class action lawsuit against the District of Columbia Public School system in 1972. Children with special needs had been denied the right to free public education. The Board of Education claimed these children were unable to be educated due to their “special needs” and believed the cost of providing extra services was too expensive. This lawsuit ruled that all children are entitled to free public education and training appropriate to their learning capacities. -
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act is a federal law, also known as Public Law 94–142. The law requires all schools receiving federal funding to provide for handicapped students between ages 3 and 21 by accommodating their special needs and providing them with fair and equal access to education. Was enacted by the United States Congress in 1975. -
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(https://youtu.be/3XMndYNEGFA)
In 1990, IDEA replace the Education for Handicapped Children of 1975. IDEA was a law signed by George W. Bush that makes available a free appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services. This law includes 6 pillars: FAPE, LRE, IEP, evaluation, parent/student participation and all procedural safeguards for participants. -
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act
In 2004 the United States Congress reauthorize IDEA. The purpose of this new law, now called IDEIA, is to ensure that all children with disabilities get the “special education and related services” that they need to receive a free and appropriate public education that helps to prepare them for further education, employment and independent living. This law add the word "further education" that give any person with disability access to educational programs after high school. -
Every Student Succeeds Act
(https://www.everystudentsucceedsact.org/)
ESSA replace the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Was signed in December 2015 by President Obama. This law includes many of the NCLB components but the purpose of this title is to provide all children significant opportunity to receive a fair, equitable, and high-quality education, and to close educational achievement gaps and give more opportunities for schools when a child is not progressing. ESSA was effective in 2017-2018 school year.