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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
This act initiated the role of the federal government to protect and provide for students with disadvantage background. These students were now equally granted access to the public education system. This implemented free and reduced lunch systems to the families that did not have the money to provide for their children. -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
This case challenged the constitutionality of excluding students with disabilities from public education and training. This case made it impossible for the state to deny any child with a mental redardation to acess free public education and training. This was the first major legal case to provide equality to students with disabilities. -
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
This lawsuit was filled to the District of Columbia requiring them to provide "adequate alternative education services" as well as "prior hearing and periodic review of the child's status, progress, and the adequacy of any educational alternative". TThe courts required schools to describe the curricula, objectives, teacher qualifications, and supplemental services that were needed.
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Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley.
This clarified the definintion of a free and sppropriate public education (FAPE). This court ruling made it a requirement that the state provide sufficient support for students to benefit from a public education at a level typical of that of nondisabled peers. It was beacuse of a deaf girl named Amy Rowley whose school refused to provide a sign language interpreter. -
Honig v Doe
This case benefited individuals with emotional and or behvior disorders who have academic and social problems. This ruled that schools could not expel children for behaviors related to their disability. In addition the court affirmed that the state must provide services directly to students with disabilities when local school boards fail to do so. -
Least Restrictive Environment
The Least Restrictive Environment Act is part B of the IDEA act. This rules that children with disabilities are in the same classroom (environment) as students without disabilities. If children need supplementary aids and services necessary to achieve educational goals while being placed in a classroom with students without disabilities, they should be provided as needed. -
Cedar Rapids v. Garret F
This court case ruled that under IDEA students must be provided with the supplemental services they need to attend school at no extra cost to the aprents. This case was initiated because a child who went by Garret F. got into an accident when he was 4, paralyzing him from the neck down. He did not suffer any mental capacities but was in need for a nursing services at schol. -
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
This act of congress reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education act. This act expanded the federl role in public educatiom through further emphasis on annual testing, annual academic progress, report cards, and teacher qualifications. This provided more funding for the schools. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)
The IDEA has six requirements. Public schools must provide an IEP. There must be free appropriate Public Education (FAPE). Children must be in a least restrictive environment (LRE).Ther must provide appropriate evaulations, and the parents and teacher participate and cooperate. Also parents and teachers are able to challenge any decisions that they feel are inappropriate.
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Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
This was signed by President Obama as a commitment to equal opportunity for all students. This act replaced the No Child Left Behind Act, this act includes many of the components of the NCLB but also provides additional opportunities for schools when children are not making adequate progress. This act focuses on improving educational outcomes for all students esspecially those who have demonstated low acedeminc preformance in specific areas.
