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Council for Exceptional Children
Among others, the CEC was founded and formed by Elizabeth E. Farrell in 1922. CEC is a national organization that advocates for children that are gifted/talented, or who have disabilities. There are 18 divisions within the CEC focusing on specific topics, specialty, roles or exceptionality.
CEC -
Brown vs. Board of Education
The events of (Oliver) Brown vs. Board of Education began after Browns daughter was declined entry to an all white elementary school. In his class-action suit filing against the BOE of Topeka, Brown explained that schools for black children were indeed not equal to that of white schools. Noting that the segregation in schools violated the so-called “equal protection clause"; which later led to the Supreme court justices ruling that racial segregation of children in schools was unconstitutional. -
Division of Handicapped Children and Youth
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy established the Division of Handicapped Children and Youth in the Office of Education. On October 24th, President Kennedy signed the Maternal and Child Health and Mental Retardation “intellectual disabilities” Planning Amendment to the Social Security Act. This was the first major legislation to combat mental illness and intellectual disabilities. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
ESEA was a turning point by President Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty. With the passing of this Act, education was brought to the forefront and represented a landmark in the commitment to equal quality education. On April 9th, 1965 the Act was signed into law, and the government has since reauthorized the act every five years since; with various revisions. -
PARC vs. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
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Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Public Law 94-142 was enacted to support states and localities with protecting the rights as well as meeting the needs of and improving the results for children with disabilities and their families. Before this law was enacted, many individuals with intellectual disabilities and the like were housed in state facilities. The Public Law 94-142 passing, Congress was able to set the structure for public schools to opens their doors to children with disabilities. -
Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Program
Public Law 99-457 is an amendment made by the United States Congress to the Education of the Handicapped Act. With this amendment, States were required to provide appropriate and free education to children ages 3-5 that presented with disabilities. It is with this amendment that it became a requirement for states that offer interdisciplinary educational services to disabled children and their families to receive financial grants. -
Individual with disabilities act - IDEA
IDEA is a law, which makes free appropriate public education available to eligible children with disabilities. This law was passed throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to children. The point of IDEA, is to govern how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to eligible infant, toddler, children, and youth with disabilities. -
No Child Left Behind Act
NCLB is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The major focus of No Child Left Behind is to close student achievement gaps by providing all children with a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education. The U.S. Department of Education emphasizes four pillars within the bill: Accountability, Flexibility, Research-based education, and Parent options. -
IDEA/IDEIA
Public Law 101-476 (IDEA) was renamed Public Law 108-446 (IDEIA). With the change, IDEIA was able to emphasize the rights in special education. In the event that a child with a disability was not placed in a general education setting, an IEP was then required to explain why. At this point, Autism and TBI were also added to the accepted categories of disabilities.
