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American School for the Deaf
This school was the first to open for special education students in the United States and established in Hartford, Conneticut by Col. William Bolling. It was named the American Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb but has now been changed to the American School for the Deaf. It was shortlived as it first opened in 1815 and closed in 1816. -
Association for Retarded Citizens of the United States (ARC)
This association helped identify children who were intellectually and developmentally disabled. It was formed by parents whose children were developmentally disabled. Since there weren't any programs to assist in the developmental and care for these children, doctors suggested they be placed in institutions.
https://thearc.org/about-us/history/ -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Lyndon B. Johnson signed this act and is supposed to demonstrate equal opportunity for all students. It is an initiative for low-income families and applies to children who need support to benefit from public school education. Education was brought to the forefront of national assault on poverty. -
Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Guaranteed special education for Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of children with intellectual disabilities Pennsylvania
The education for children with special needs was guaranteed and was the first right-to-education suit in the country. The case that was made was that whether students had a disability or not, all students were able to benefit from free training, education, and resources. At the time, Pennsylvania's laws allowed students to be denied an education but the fact that students could benefit from the more education that was received, aided in the argument. -
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
Children of all disabilities were extended the right to special education. Students are required to have public education even if they are unable to pay for it. The board of education didn't provide schooling for students who were considered exceptional, before this act was passed. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Improved opportunities for individuals with disabilities. Public schools were accepting federal funds for students with mental and physical disabilities which provided equal access to education and a free meal. Parents were not only given access to their child's school records but were supposed to be informed of any changes in the student's educationall; placement, classes, and programs beforehand.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpP1z0RwUOw -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Individuals are allowed to have accomodations, modifications, and any services needed. Some include establishing person first language, expanding special education services and provisions for due process and confidentiality, adds autism and traumatic brain injury categories, provides bilingual education, requires transition services/planning. Previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975.
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/ -
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
Gives school districts flexibility in how they use funds for federal education, to improve student achievement. Also offers school choice options and implements early reading interventions. Schools must test students in grade 3-8 in reading and mathematics and once in high school.
https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04 -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA)
Prescence of a learning disability is determined by an RTI model instead of discrepancy model, funding to early intervention for students without special needs, eliminates IEP short-term objective, raises special education licensure standards, adopts policies preventing overrepresentation of minority students in special education. Schools must identify a parent replaced for students who are disabled and homeless. Part of the least restrictive environment (LRE). -
Winkelman v. Parma City School
Parents are allowed to pursue IDEA claims on their behalf, aside from their children's rights. Justice Kennedy denied the ability of parents representing the interests of their children. The student was granted free public education but before that, the case was made because the parents did not agree with the IEP development.
