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Council for Exceptional Children
The Council for Exceptional Children is a group which advocates for children to have teachers and any other educators that will advance a student with special needs, focusing on their success. Their website states they advocate for exceptional children in different agencies, such as with government policies. It is also important to them that the professionals who teach these students meet standards and are effective. -
Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The court case of PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania brought to attention to not allowing students who, they described as mentally retarded, to obtain a public education. It was argued that it was unconstitutional to do so. At the end of the case, it was decided that the state of Pennsylvania was not allowed to exclude "mentally retarded" children the same public education and training that other children where receiving. -
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Section 504 of this act gave those who are disabled certain rights. This bill allowed disabled people to be entitled to the same privileges as those people who are not disabled. Since public schools receive funds from the federal government, they are not allowed to discriminate against someone who does have a disability. -
Educational Amendments Act
The Education Amendments Act (P.L. 93-380) granted funds from the federal government to programs for learners who are considered exceptional. This act provided the first federal funding to these state programs which are for students who are gifted and talented. Furthermore, students and families were granted the right of due process. In other words, the state has to respect the rights of a disabled individual in their special education placement. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4t8FLWqjzfQ -
Public Law 94-142
The passage of this public law gave schools a new requirement. At that point, schools had to make sure that every child, even those who are disabled, where able to receive free and appropriate publicly-funded education. This meant that students who were exceptional, such as having a learning disabilities, had to have their disabilities and be provided with special education, tailored to their needs. -
Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments
Also known as Public Law 99-457, this act made it so states were required to extend free and appropriate educations to children, aged 3-5, who were disabled. For toddlers with disabilities, it also established early intervention programs. The early intervention program is run from birth to age 2. https://www.congress.gov/bill/99th-congress/senate-bill/2294 -
Honig v. Doe
This case was in favor of the exceptional students who have either emotional disorders, behavior disorders, or both. This prohibited educational institutions from expelling children who acted out in ways related to their disability. This was obviously a positive thing as exceptional students don't react the same way as another student. -
Cedar Rapids v. Garret F.
Due to an unfortunate accident, Garret ended up paralyzed from the neck down, but he was still mentally capable. Under IDEA, it was ruled that schools are required to provide a student with assistance so they can attend school and it must be free to the parents. In this case, Garret was able to have his nursing services that he required. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act
This act rebranded IDEA and P.L. 94-142. This improvement allowed school districts to use the RTI model, which determines if a child had a disability and loosened the requirements to qualify. It also introduced the Continuum of Educational Services. This is where exceptional students must have service options, such as full-time inclusion in their general education classroom. -
Winkelman v. Parma City School District
In this court case, the Parma City School District was planning on putting Jacob Winkelman in a public elementary school. His parents were against this because they believed he was not receiving the education he should be given, according to IDEA. Because of this case, the Supreme Court ruled that parents can pursue IDEA on behalf of their child.
