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The American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb
The states of Massachusetts and Maine had an agreement to send people who were deaf or who had mental retardation to an asylum to have the opportunity to be educated. These types of programs, either special schools or classes, increased during the 20th century for children with disabilities such as deafness, blindness, and mental retardation. -
1st Special Education Program
This program focused on helping under previleged, deliquent, and at risk children acquire proper skills to be a successful member of the workforce and society. These programs would incorporate several different trainings into their general education programs. Some of these manual labor classes included carpentry, sewing, metal work, and more. If these programs were located in a more African-American population, these special education programs would also focus on "moral training". -
Brown v. Board of Education
This supreme court case lead to the end of segregation in public schools. This decision was concluded from African-American students pleading their case that being segregated led to an unequal and unsafe school environment. It also severely affected these students emotional complex from having a feeling of inferiority.
After the court came to this decision, it led to parents who had students with disabilities to want justice for their children. -
Elementary and Secondary School Education Act of 1965
The ESEA was implemented to "address the inequality of educational opportunity for underprivileged children". It allowed schools to have access to resources in order to help disadvantages students have access to a good education. This piece of legislation was then changed to help students with disabilities in 1966. There was a grant program established which would help states initiate, expand, and improve projects and programs for education of students with disabilities. -
PARC and Mills
PARC:This resulted in the agreement that parents must be included in the placement decisions for students with disabilities and it was a way to resolve disputes.
Mills:This was about the public schools in the District of Columbia which suspended, expelled, and excluded special needs children which Mills was involved with. The schools blamed this practice from a lack of funding but it was decided in the court that this wasn't a reason to target a certain group of children. -
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act
In 1975 the United States Congress pushed through the Education for all Handicapped Children Act. This Act was to help children with disabilities have access to good education. It also was put in motion to help establish agency accountability to make sure these children were getting the education they deserved. This insurance of accountability was called "procedural safeguards". -
No Child Left Behind Act
This act was to make sure that all children have a "fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessments". The idea behind this act is to make sure that everyone has a fair opportunity to succeed. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act
In 2004 Congress made the decision to make changes to the Individuals with Disabilities Education act and then renamed it the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act in 2004 (IDEA 2004). The want to focus on accountability and the emphasis on reading, early intervention, and research-based instruction is what changed to the amendments. These changes were also led by having a requirement for teachers to be highly qualified in special education. -
Aligning IDEA and NCLB
Congress decided 2004 that they needed to focus on combining the efforts of the IDEA and the NCLB. The IDEA focused on improving drop out rates, graduation rates, and testing while the NCLB focused on training high quality teachers. This was what Congress wanted to combine both Acts and improve upon even more. -
No Child Left Behind Out, Every Student Succeeds Act
This was formally the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and the No Child Left Behind Act. The change was initiated because of several complaints from school districts and states so Congress amended these by removing many parts about accountability and enforcement of high standards.