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Biological/Neuroscience
Biological approach is the physiological and biochemical factors that determine behavior and the mental process. The Phineas Gage brain injury case provides neuroscuence with a great deal of information reguarding the way the brain works. -
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Functionalism
The functionalism approach was studied by William James. This approach explains how an organism uses its perceptual abilities in its environment. James' finding were the function or purpose of the behaviors. -
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Structuralism
Structuralism studies the consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introsoection. Introspection meaning looking inward. Wilhem Wundt was connected to this approach. He was the founder of scientific psychology. -
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Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
This approach is concerned with how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, and defenses influence behavior. Sigmund Freud was the founder of this approach. It includes the theories that see human functioning based on the interaction of drives and forces within a person and between the different structures of the personality. -
Thorndike Puzzle Box
Thorndike's puzzle box experiment is operant conditioning. Hungry cats were placed in a complicated box with a piece of fish placed outside the box. The animal had to find out how to open the box via latch. The food is a positive reinforcer for the cat. -
Pavlov's Dog Experiment
Pavlov's dog experiement is classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work. He studied the digestive process. While studying digestion in dogs, Pavlov noticed his canine subjects would salivate whenever an assistant entered the room. Pavlov discovered that if he rang a bell repeatedly and paired the tone with the presentation of food, the dog will salivate. -
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Behaviorism
John Watson was the main person in the behavioral approach. This approach measures and recors observable behavior in relation to the environment. Some experiements linked to this approach is Little Albert, Skinner's rat & Pigeon experiment, Pavlov's dog experiment, ect. -
Little Albert
John B. Watson conducted the experiemnt with Little Albert in the 1920's. Watson followed Pavlov's experiement to further prove that emotions can be classically conditioned as well. Albert was exposed to multiple stimulus then observe the boys reaction. The boy showed no fear. Then everytime Watson put a stimuli infront of Albert he made a loud noise with a hammer & metal. After that, everytime Albert saw one of the stimuli, he would cry. -
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Evolutionary
Evolutionary approach is the natural selection and favored behaviors that contributed to the survival and spread of our ancestors genes. This approach found that more males are color blind than females and that females are more likely to be supertasters. The females delt more with cooking than males, therefore, it translates to females being able to taste a bigger variety than males in todays time. -
Skinner Box
Skinner box is a chamber that contains a bar or key that an animal can press in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement. The animal learns to always press the bar whenever it wants to obtain food/water. -
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Humanism
Abraham Maslow was the psychologist paired with the Humanistic Approach. This approach is defined by an individuals potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in growth towards one's potential. Maslow created a "Hierachy of Needs" pyramid. The lowest level being physiological needs, then Safety, then love and belonging, then esteem, finally ending with self-actualization. A new level can not be reached until the one directly before it is reached, starting at the bottom. -
BOBO Doll
The BoBo doll experiment proved that children learn by observing. The children copy adult role model's behavior. He showed this by using aggressive and non-aggressive behavior. The children observe adults beating up a bobo doll then when they are placed in the same room as the bobo doll they do exactly what the adults did to the doll, in identical order. -
Harry Harlow's Monkey Experiment
Harlow's goal was to prove to the psychology community that primate research could contribute to the understanding of important clinical issues. His theory was based on the need for contact. Harlow designed an ecperiement with a wire/cloth "Mother" monkey. This was used to show that the need for affection created a stronger bond between the mother and the infant than did physical needs, such as food. -
The Milgram Obedience Experiment
This experience tested the conflict between obedience and personal conscience. Milgrams experiement tested to see how far people would go in obeying an instruction even when it involved harming another person. -
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Socio-Cultural
The socio-cultural approach studies cultural differences and the affect they have on behavior. Bandora and Zimbardo are two psychologist who study this approach. Bandora did the experiment with the bobo doll and Zimbardo did the prison experiment. -
Learned helplessness
Learned helplessness is associated with depression. Martin Seligman put a dog in a shutterbox with two sections divided by a low barrier. The floor was electrified on one side and not the other. The dogs made no attempts to escape, even though they could easily get away from the shock by going on the other isde of the barrier. -
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Cognition
The cognitive approach was thought up of by Jean Piaget. This is how we recieve, store, process information, think/reason and use language. Piaget's research findings showed cognitive development in children. -
Stratford Prison Experiment
The experiement was supposed to be two weeks but ended at six days because the people took their roles to heart, A "jail" was created and students were made either a guard or prisoner. The prisoners began to suffer from emotional disturbance, rage, and stress. They started to go crazy, screaming, yelling, acting out, all as if they were really a prisoner in jail. -
Genie- The Story of the Wild Child
In the 1970's a social worker discovered a 13 year old girl, Genie, who was confined in a small room, naked and chained to a toliet. She was never taught social skills or anything educational for that matter. When Genie was discrovered scientist used her as an experiment to see if you could teach a person life skills, like reading, talking, and doing simple activities or if it was too late since she didn't learn these things during the critical period of her life.
