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First written description of the brain and it's control over the body.
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Believed in optimal happiness ("self-help") and to live the best life. Happiness was achieved through quiet acceptance and belief in fate.
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Note that dates of life are not specific. Believed that: change is illusion; don't trust the senses; if it can be thought of, it exists; and thinking is introspection
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Believed in natural principles; water makes up everything; began critical tradition of questioning everything
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Believed in: Mathematical thinking and the relationship between phenomena; rationalism and the belief that natural phenomena followed patterns and laws (ratio)
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Subjective nature of reality; cognition (all experiences of reality are different)
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Believed in: questioning everything; "know thyself" (psychodynamic psychology)
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Believed: everything made of small items that cannot be divided (atoms); reductionism, materialism, and determinism; and deductionism.
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Recognized importance of physical well-being and health. Proposed relationship of the state of the body on behavior. Created the theory of four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
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Student of Socrates. Recorded all of Socrates ideas. Believed in subjectivity of reality and the personality of "The Golden Chariot"
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Student of Plato. First scientist in Greece. Believed in expericism, memory (law of contiguity, law of contrast, similarity, and frequency); behaviorism (human nature); emotions (changing perceptions); and dreams (pure memories without control of the logical mind).
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Believed in scientific investigation of the natural world and "knowing God".
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Return of Questioning and Technological Advances and Marked Cultural Change
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Believed: the senses were flawed and to doubt everything until you reached information beyond doubt. He even doubted himself until he realized he did exist because he was a thinking thing.
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Recognized difference between white vs. gray matter in the brain and spinal cord. Established anatomy of blood vessels to the brain. Also recognized that injuries that cut off the blood flow to the brain caused seizures.
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Believed contents of mind built from sensory experience and everyone begins in a blank state.
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"I think, therefore I am."
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First visual anatomy of the brain
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Created the foundation for the establishment of experimental psychology. Viewed differences in our experiences as a "creative mind agent". Believed differences could be studied and the mind uses more raw data that it gets from senses to create perceptions.
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Treated ailments with exorcisms. Ordered demons to create symptoms in various body parts and established control over the demons.
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Believed in animal gravitational-ism. Also believed in magnetism. Made the baquet. Because of his studies, social contagion and facilitation was discovered.
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Believed all species were so complex, they must've been created by God.
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Proposed that species evolve on the use or disuse of specific organs.
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Discovered artificial somnambulism (hypnotism) and post hypnotic suggestibility.
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investigated why mesmerism didn't work on every patient. Discovered lucid sleep.
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Found that hemispheres were connected by white matter bundles and that there was crossovers of nerve fibers from right to left in the spinal cord. Higher abilities were the result of larger and more developed brains. Larger substructures in the brain correlated to better, specific abilities. "Physiognomy" and "Phrenology"
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Law of specific nerve energies were sensory neurons that conveyed information that was relevant to that sensory system. The cells in the eye could only transmit visual information to the mind.
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Opposed Gall's phrenology and conducted ablation studies on animals, which suggested that the brain's cortex function was a unified whole.
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Tested mesmerism and made it scientific. Coined the term hypnotism.
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Charles Darwin's professor. Recommended Darwin to serve as the head naturalist on the Beagle voyage.
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Language localized to region in left frontal lobe.
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Geologist that promoted the idea of uniformitarianism in explaining how the Earth was developed.
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Created quantified relationships between stimulus like intensity and subjective experience.
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First experiments on sensation and perception. Studies discovered lawful relationships between newly measurable energy and subjective reactions of the mind and body. This was the first step to psychology being genuine science.
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Did over three hundred and more surgeries on mesmerized patients.
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Brought idea of natural selection and believed in monogenesis.
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Discovered electrochemical pattern of neuron communication. Body transforms energy from the environment into a "message" that causes changes to the body/brain. Viewed the mind as something mechanical. Developed the theory of color.
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First experiments on sensation and perception. Studies discovered lawful relationships between newly measurable energy and subjective reactions of the mind and body. This was the first step to psychology being genuine science.
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First hypnotherapist. Studied role of individual differences in response to hypnotism.
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Found evidence that localization of one function affected one are in the brain.
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Neurologist and Directior of Salpatriere Hospital in Paris. Discovered hysteria and hypnotizable suggestibility.
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Founder of modern psychology. Labeled the science of psychology and distinguished it from natural sciences and physiology.
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Recognized the primary somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, auditory cortex process, and association cortex.
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Had patients with fluent speech, but no comprehension. He named this Wernicke's area. He recognized complex functions were the result of an interaction of multiple brain functions, known as the "association cortex". These complex functions didn't exist in isolation from other simple functions.
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Began the behaviorist movement. Creator of classical conditioning and higher order conditioning.
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Discovered a higher mental process. Investigated learning and memory. Changed the way association is studied.
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Man had aphasia or "lack of words"
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Devoted to training of the scientific investigation into hypnotism.
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Studied structuralism and discovered the key the to conscious mind is understanding the individual structures. Also had progressive views on female scientists.
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Created electrical stimulation studies on the brain. Discovered the primary motor cortex caused the body to move.
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Combined memory studies with ablation studies. Did selective ablation on cortex and figured any ablation of damage on the frontal cortex damaged memory but ablations elsewhere didn't. With more damage, there was more memory impairment. After damage, people can relearn.
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Studied behavior and defined it as an objective science. Rejected introspection. Discovered that most human reactions result from conditioning of neutral stimuli paired with three innate, unconditional reactions like fear, rage, and love.
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Combined memory studies with ablation studies. Did selective ablation on cortex and figured any ablation of damage on the frontal cortex damaged memory but ablations elsewhere didn't. With more damage, there was more memory impairment. After damage, people can relearn.
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Found there was always a warning before seizures. Found that stimulation of areas next to primary areas (somatosensory, visual, and auditory) elicited more complex experiences and response. Also discovered the hippocampus.
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Conducted first study using counter conditioning as a procedure for removing fear.
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Invented the operant chamber and studied operant conditioning.
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Devised the "visual cliff" studies, which resulted in the idea that depth perception occurs innately or extremely early in development without prior learning.
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Focuses on ways the mind organizes experiences and perceptions into organized wholes that are more than the sums of their separate parts.
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Studied "nonobjective influences on behavior", perception, and how it was influenced by mental processes.
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Student of Penfield. Discovered temporal lobe damage. Discovered different types of memory like episodic, procedural, and semantic. Also discovered that without the hippocampus, people cannot have procedural memory.
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Was interested in speech processing and perception.
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Developed more "mentalistic" theory of language learning. Believed in linguistics and that language learning is fast and natural. Emphasized the importance of mental processes in the ability to learn language.
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Conducted research on information processing, cognition, intelligence, and memory.
