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1345
Foundation of México
The city was built on an island in what was then Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. The Mexicas came on a pilgrimage from the mythical Aztlán and escaped from other hostile tribes and came to settle in Chicomostoc and then migrate again and found the capital of Tenochtitlan in the center of Lake Texcoco in 1325 or 1345. Tenochtitlan was one of the two Mexican āltēpetl (city-states or political entities) on the island, the other being Tlatelolco. -
Oct 12, 1492
Christopher Columbus discovering of the New World
Christopher Columbus, representing the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon, made four famous trips from Europe to America. In the first of these he arrived in America on October 12, 1492, Columbus had left the Port of Palos, after crossing the Atlantic Ocean, he arrived at an island in the American continent, Guanahani, believing that he had reached India. Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain, with three small ships, the Santa María, the Pinta and the Nina. -
1519
Cortés and Moctezuma
Hernán Cortés, led an expedition (entry) to Mexico. Two years later, in 1519, Cortés and his entourage set sail for Mexico. The first meeting of the conqueror Hernán Cortés with the tlatoani Moctezuma was dated November 8, 1519, just where the streets that now constitute the Republic of Salvador and Pino Suárez meet.
After arriving in Cholula, the Spanish advanced to Tenochtitlán. The arrival and later they would leave that morning in 1519 to meet Montezuma. -
1520
Batalla de la Noche Triste
Between June 30 and the night of July 1, 1520. The troops of the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his indigenous allies suffered one of their worst defeats: hundreds of them were massacred, as many drowned in the ditches with their horses. and his booty was lost in the waters of Tenochtitlan. Cortés and other captains "had tears in their eyes" on the day known as "La Noche Triste".
Cortés and his people already had the Emperor Moctezuma imprisoned -
1521
Mexico’s fall down against the Spaniards
Tenochtitlan, fell into the hands of an army of Spaniards who came to the American territory in search of wealth. Aided by the casualties of Indians due to illness and the audacity of having left the entire city without food or water, on August 13, 1521 they succeeded in overthrowing the Mexica. To achieve this, they first negotiated and defeated communities surrounding the great Tenochtitlan, who worked to bring them food and tribute. -
1530
Second letter of relationship from Hernán Cortés to Emperor Carlos V
Sent to His Sacred Majesty the Emperor Our Lord, by the Captain General of New Spain, named Don Fernando Cortes.
In particular, it relates to a very large very rich province, called Culúa, in which there are very large cities and wonderful buildings and great dealings and riches, among which there is a more wonderful and rich than all, called Tenochtitlan, which is, by wonderful art, built on a large lagoon. -
1531
measles epidemic
The second epidemic occurred in 1531 and it also came from the Spanish. It was the measles that spread rapidly among the indigenous people; many died, (mainly attacking children), although not as many as with smallpox; However, it wreaked great havoc. Measles was called záhuatl tepiton, which means small leprosy, to distinguish it from smallpox. -
1535
First Casa de Moneda in Mexico
Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, who served as treasurer of the Granada Mint, arrived in New Spain carrying with him the royal ID with which the Spanish Crown provided for the creation of what would be the first mint operated by "seat" or concession to people who acquired the offices of treasurer, tester, carver, clerk, judge of balance, mayor and sheriff. It was built next to the Viceregal Palace (National Museum of Cultures), and the street was called “de Moneda”. -
1539
The first printing press in Mexico
The first bishop of Mexico, Fray Juan de Zumárraga, he was brought to Mexico, which at that time was New Spain ruled by Don Antonio de Mendoza, the first printing press, which was in fact the first to be installed in anyone who it is now the American Continent. The installation of the printing press allowed the diffusion of the culture, but it had restrictions as each publisher had to request permission and authorization from the bishop and the viceroy before each printing. -
Nov 20, 1542
New Laws
The New Laws were made by his Majesty for the governance of the Indies, good treatment and conservation of the Indians, compilations of the legislation that was applied in the New World, this legislation was expanded with new rules and regulations to grant a legal framework and justify the domain of lands, regulate the life of the population that lived on them and improve the living conditions of the indigenous people under the sovereignty of the Spanish crown. -
1546
Chichimeca War
The Chichimeca War was a military conflict carried out by Spain against the Chichimeca Confederation established in the lowlands of Mexico, called La Gran Chichimeca located in the north-central western states. The region is now called the Bajío. It was recorded as the longest and most expensive war campaign by the Spanish empire against any indigenous population in the Americas. The result of the forty-year war was a Spanish military Empire and economic defeat. -
1551
Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico
The persistent requests made the ecclesiastical and civil authorities of New Spain, to establish in Mexico City a university of study of all science, where the children of Spaniards and natives could attend, so that they could engage in virtuous exercises and not at idleness, they were finally heard by the Crown of Spain, who granted the foundation of the University of Mexico by albalá on September 21, 1551, which had the same privileges as the University of Salamanca -
1571
Holy Inquisition in New Spain
The Holy Inquisition in New Spain, was an extension of the Spanish in the New World, was established to exercise ideological and religious control over the population, seeking rules of conduct that would govern life. Its purpose was to strengthen the faith, persecute heresies, Judaize practices and maintain religious unity, except for the Indians who were protected by a decree that forced the Spanish not to punish for their beliefs (it was not always respected). -
Black slave market
On October 3, in Veracruz, the French black slave market was established in "cargazones" (more than 50 individuals) to sell in New Spain. Their entry and distribution from the port supposes a better control of this activity, but their smuggling through false individual declarations (for example, declaring them upon entry as servants and then selling them, among many other practices), was a daily activity. customs authorities reported a good number of slave incomes. -
Don Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez
The thirty-fourth viceroy, Don Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez, receives the government of New Spain. During his government the Collegiate Church of the Sanctuary of Guadalupe was consecrated, an establishment that the Church gives to the Crown 10% of its income, determined that the Court of the Agreed, violently repressed the uprising of the Pimas Indians in Nueva Viscaya (northern Mexico ), received the Order of the Golden Fleece necklace. for their good services. -
Expulsion of the Jesuits.
June 25, By order of King Carlos II, the Jesuits were expelled from all Spanish possessions. The viceroy, Marquis de Croix, sent for the arrest of all the religious of that Order, who were taken to Veracruz and sent there to Italy. Among those expelled were the parents Andrés Cavo, Francisco Javier Clavijero, Francisco Javier Alegre, distinguished men of science. The College of San Ildefonso was closed and the assets of the Jesuits came to depend on the Treasury. -
Don Juan Vicente de Güemes Pacheco
The twenty-second viceroy, Don Juan Vicente de Güemes Pacheco, witnessed the drainage by introduction, paved and installed public lighting to illuminate them at night, the cleaning and garbage collection service, and made the number of houses. He controlled the city's road chaos, introduced car rental and organized the police service, applied a policy of persecution to thieves and murderers, his government was characterized by the strong hand that they had problems against criminals. -
First census
Juan Vicente de Güemes Pacheco y Padilla, Viceroy of New Spain. The objectives of the census was to get to know the population through the general registers of the towns. The viceroy saw this census as an opportunity to regulate decisions, since it could be a guide to succeed in banishing vices and excesses; agriculture, mining and fiscal policy to balance the rights of the Royal Treasury with the interest of the country and its inhabitants, ensuring the perceptions of La Corona. -
Mexico’s independence.
The Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict. The Mexican people, in addition to being exploited by the Spanish, had to follow the laws of Spain. These were always made to privilege the aristocracy of Spanish origin and the metropolitan court. It was in this context of injustice and exploitation that the Mexican people were fighting for political emancipation. Enlightenment ideals and the French Revolution were also motivating elements of this historical process. -
Plan de Iguala
The Plan de Iguala was a political document proclaimed by Agustín de Iturbide on February 24, 1821 in the city of Iguala de la Independencia, Guerrero; in which New Spain was declared as a sovereign and independent country.
Its four principles were:
-Establish the independence of Mexico.
-Maintain the monarchy headed by Fernando VII or one of the -members of the Spanish Crown.
-Establish the Catholic religion as the only one.
E-stablish the union of all social classes -
Mexico’s Empire
The Mexican Empire was a state that was born as a result of the New Spain independence movement. Its historical period ranges from the signing of the Cordoba Treaties in 1821 to the proclamation of the Casa Mata Plan and the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1823. Mexico was the only nation that adopted a monarchical regime after its independence from Spain. Its territory corresponded to the old viceroyalty of New Spain -
Mexico’s first President
Federation Constitutional Law was sanctioned and in October Guadalupe Victoria was chosen as the first president of the new Republic of Mexico, her main objectives were to obtain recognition of the Mexican independence of other nations; She established diplomatic relations with the main powers, particularly with England, from which she obtained a loan with which she was able to avoid bankruptcy in the public coffers, and also with the United States and Gran Colombia from Simón Bolívar. -
Mexican National Anthem
The Mexican National Anthem is one of the three national symbols established by law in that country along with the shield and flag. Despite being known and used as such since 1854, it only became official since 1943, based on a decree issued by Manuel Ávila Camacho, the Mexican National Anthem -with music by Jaime Nunó and lyrics by Francisco González Bocanegra- was performed for the first time in public on September 15, 1854 at the theater Santa Anna. -
Constitution of 1857
The Mexican Congress was formed with representatives of each state of the Republic. Those people got together to talk about the most important problems in the country and find ways to solve them. Later, the congress elaborated a Constitution of liberal ideology that proposed that the rulers be elected by vote and the decisions of the president be approved by the members of Congress, established individual guarantees to citizens, freedom of expression and freedom of assembly. -
May 5
This battle happened on May 5, 1862, the French, Spanish and British troops invaded Mexico in protest at the suspension of payments of the foreign debt of 80 million pesos decreed by President Benito Juárez, the French troops were under the command General Charles Ferdinand, while the Mexican troops by General Ignacio Zaragoza, the Mexican troops were very small compared to the French troops, the battle lasted more than 5 hours and was a successful defense. -
Second Empire of Mexico
This empire goes from the French Intervention (1863), until the fall of the Mexican imperial government (1867), before the conflict between Mexico and the European creditor countries, the conservatives reactivated their old project of establishing a monarchy in Mexico with a European nobleman, which allows them to regain power and eliminate liberal reformist laws. This new government came from French royalty and had as its leader Fernando Maximiliano José de Habsburg, Austrian roots. -
First presidential term. (1877-1880)
During this first period of Porfirio Díaz in the presidency, the politician tried to pacify the country; his motto was "order, peace and justice". To achieve this objective, he managed to get Congress to give him extraordinary powers and used the army to destroy the caciques. Likewise, he replaced numerous military leaders with others he trusted, to end possible rebellions. In just one year, the measures took effect and the country was pacified. -
Presidency of Manuel González (1880 - 1884)
The country's president was Manuel González (Díaz continued to direct the government). During his tenure, he made investments in infrastructure to modernize the country, such as the introduction of the railroad, as well as the telegraph, also highlighting the creation of two large banks, which later merged to form the National Bank of Mexico. González had to deal with continuous corruption accusations and a revolution almost erupted against him. Díaz intervened and saved the situation. -
25 years of the porfiriato (1884 -1911)
Díaz regained the presidency, infrastructure continued to grow, and mining and agricultural production were promoted. Its authoritarianism and inequality in the distribution of created wealth turned part of the population against it, also the effects of the international economic crisis that emerged in 1907. This recession caused discontent to increase even more and in 1910 the Mexican Revolution broke out and, after defeating Díaz's supporters, the porfiriato was terminated. -
Mexican Revolution
It was an anti-imperialist movement that took place between 1910-1917 that originated important transformations in Mexico. It started as a fight against the perpetuation in power of General Porfirio Díaz, but it resulted in a civil war between factions fighting for the "Real revolution". Groups that had the political and social rights as a banner joined together, but they carried out a guerrilla war in the most difficult times for Mexico and left more than a million dead. -
Constitution of 1917
The revolutionary leaders met in Aguascalientes to reach an agreement, but they only delved further into their differences. In 1915, the year of battles, famine and political chaos; Troops on both sides looted fields and cities, and bandits robbed and killed. This led to a meeting with deputies in Queretaro to create the Constitution, which was signed in 1917, where individual guarantees, sovereignty over national resources and the rights of campsinos and workers were consecrated. -
Cristero war
It consisted of a strong fight that lasted 3 years, lasted from 1926-1929 between the Plutarco Elías Calles government and Catholic laymen, priests and religious militias who resisted the application of legislation and public policies aimed at restricting the participation of the Catholic Church. on the assets of the nation as well as in civil proceedings. The number of people killed in a maximum of 250.5 thousand among civilians, members of the Cristero forces and the Mexican Army. -
TELMEX Foundation
Telefonos de México was founded in 1947 when then-President Miguel Aleman moved to the Ericsson companies in Mexico and the International Telephone and Telegraph Company, making it the only telephone service provider in the country. Several groups of investors made up of national and international companies were presented, winning the consortium created by Carlos Slim, France Telecom and SBC Communications among other small investors. In 1997, AT&T, MCI and AXTEL entered the market. -
Privatization of Banking in Mexico
President of Mexico, Carlos Salinas de Gortari sent to Congress a bill that will modify the ownership of state banks through a mixed ownership regime, which has been received with surprise in the financial media, establishing that "the State intends not to be the Majority shareholder of each and every one of the banking institutions, although it will retain a stake in commercial banking and will strengthen those institutions geared towards promoting specific priority activities. " -
Creation of the IFE
As a result of the reforms made to the Constitution in electoral matters, the Congress of the Union issued the Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures (COFIPE) and orders the creation of the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE), in order to have an impartial institution that gives certainty, transparency and legality to federal elections. At the time of its foundation, the General Council, the highest management body of the IFE, was made up of officials. -
EZLN Uprising
Mexican organization, started in 1994 and until 2006, it was military and as of the date of this article it is a political movement. His political inspiration combines Zapatismo, Marxism and libertarian socialism, and his military structure is that of a guerrilla. It came to light in the Mexican state of Chiapas on January 1, 1994, when a group of armed indigenous people attempted to occupy seven municipal seats, while the North American Free Trade Agreement entered into force. -
Free Trade Agreement
Mexico, Canada and the United States signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on December 17, 1992 and entered into force on January 1, 1994. Since the signing of NAFTA, the three countries have worked together to increase its competitiveness and the well-being of its citizens. Thanks to the Treaty, various production chains were generated that are essential for North America's competitiveness in various sectors, such as manufacturing or the agro-food sector. -
The Acteal massacre
The massacre of 45 indigenous people in Acteal, Chiapas, was a consequence of the official policy followed to punish and dismantle the indigenous people of San Pedro Chenalhó who adopted the path of resistance and the construction of their own government . It was part of an undeclared war but organized by the State Public Security Council, federal and state agencies participated. Under a military logic, they decided on programs and investments in indigenous areas. -
Students strike
Student movement against modification of the General Payment Regulation (RGP) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, one of the most important institutions of education, higher and postgraduate in Mexico. The modifications were added to a long series of administrative reforms and to the models and study plans, promoted by the university authorities. Among those were the reform to the regulated pass of 1997 and that the students considered undemocratic. -
The year of violence and victims
Calderón, at the end of his term with violence, the country accumulated 83,099 intentional homicides. The penultimate year of the Calderón government had the highest number of homicides of which until then there was a record: 22,409, according to the Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System. The discovery of 145 bodies in a grave and the abandonment of 35 bodies in one of the main avenues of Veracruz, started a movement of victims of violence. -
The return of the PRI
Mexicans went to the polls to choose their new president. That day saw another political transition, one that brought the PRI back to the Executive Branch for the party that had governed for 71 consecutive years. On December 1 of that year, Peña Nieto assumed power in the midst of a massive protest that left several devastations and clashes in the country's capital; the protesters, mostly young, did not know the PRI as their agent, he from his first message, promised to "move Mexico". -
The 43 of Ayotzinapa
On the night of September 26, 2014, students from the Ayotzinapa Rural Normal School traveled by bus to Mexico City to mark the anniversary of the October 2 massacre, when they were attacked by municipal police in Iguala, Guerrero, allegedly linked to organized crime. The attacks against the normalistas lasted until the morning of the 27th. Over the days the balance of the victims arrived: nine dead, 17 wounded and 43 disappeared. To date, the search for students continues. -
The escape of 'Chapo'
Joaquín 'el Chapo' Guzmán Loera left El Altiplano, in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico, through a 1,500 meter long tunnel; Due to the conditions of the escape and the importance that the drug trafficker had at that time, he was considered "the escape of the century". Six months later, in January 2016, Guzmán Loera was recaptured in Los Mochis, Sinaloa. In 2017 was extradited to the United States, where he went to trial and, in July 2019, he was sentenced to life in prison. -
Trump's visit to Mexico
On August 31, 2016, Peña Nieto received in Los Pinos Donald Trump, who was then a candidate for the presidency of the United States and in whose campaign he made discriminatory comments against Mexican migrants, in addition to warning that, if he won the elections, he would build a wall on its southern border and Mexico would pay for it. The visit was made amid citizen protests on the streets and also in the Union Congress itself, by opposition legislators. -
The year of earthquakes
Two earthquakes struck the center and south of the country in September 2017: the first at 11:49 p.m. on September 7, magnitude was 8.2. A 7.1 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter in Axochiapan, Morelos, shook the center of the country. Civil Protection confirmed 369 fatalities: 228 in Mexico City, 74 in Morelos, 45 in Puebla, 15 in the State of Mexico, six in Guerrero and one in Oaxaca. Authorities and thousands citizens came out to offer help as volunteers or with their donations. -
The 'Culiacanazo'
President López Obrador promised a new security strategy, in which his priority would not be to persecute the leaders of organized crime groups, but on October 17, elements of the National Guard detained a group in Tres Ríos, in Culiacán, at Ovidio Guzmán López, son of 'Chapo' Guzmán. In a matter of minutes, members of the cartel burned vehicles and shot with the security forces; the objective was to free Ovidio Guzmán and they succeeded that same afternoon. -
AMLO's triumph
In his third attempt, Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the elections of July 1, his arrival meant a radical change when he headed the first left-wing government in the history of the country that in the current century had only traveled by the alternation between institutions. Revolutionary parties (PRI) and national action (PAN). He came to power with the promise of change for a people angered by acts of corruption. With a month of power, he has received complaints from people. -
The first two cases of coronavirus
The first two cases of Covid-19 (coronavirus) in Mexico; These are people who are in Mexico City and Sinaloa. The first case is a 35-year-old man from Italy who underwent regulatory health protocols. The second infected person is a 41-year-old subject who also recently traveled to the European country; He was isolated with a companion in a hotel in Culiacán. The Ministry of Health declared that basic hygiene measures should be maintained to prevent the spread of the outbreak.
