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Military Training during World War II
World War II is often considered the origins of the Instructional Design movement. The government called upon educators and psychologists to research and develop training material. Their research was based upon theories of instruction, learning, and human behavior. Tests were developed to assess the skills of individuals and as a screening device to increase the success of training programs. -
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History of Instructional Design Models
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The Programmed Instruction Movement
B.F. Skinner detailed a systematic approach to instruction with his ideas of the requirements for increasing human learning and effective instructional material. Skinner proposed that instruction should be provided in small steps. require active responses to frequent questions, immediate feedback be provided to learners, and the learning should be self - paced. -
Behavioral Objectives
Behavioral Objectives began in 1934 with Ralph Tyler's project that demonstrated that objectives could be clarified by writing them in behavioral terms. Behavioral Objectives got another boost when Benjamin Bloom published the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives in 1956. Behavioral Objectives became popular in 1962 described how to write the three elements of objectives:
1- the desired learning behaviors
2- the conditions to perform the behaviors
3- the standards to judge the behaviors -
Criterion - Referenced Movement
Most tests were designed as norm - referenced, to compare an individuals performance to others. Robert Glaser indicated that tests should be used to measure how well an individual can perform a particular behavior regardless of how well others performed. He also indicated these tests can be used to assess entry level behaviors and how well individuals acquired behaviors as the result of instruction. -
Domains of Learning
Gagne describes a hierarchical relationship of skills. He indicated that in order to learn a higher skills, one has to master the skills subordinate to it.This process remains a cornerstone to many instructional design models. -
Formative and Summative Evaluations
Michael Scriven described the need for instructional material to be tested with learners and revised accordingly before it enters its final form. Summative evaluations described the process of testing material after the design process -
Dick and Carey Model
Dick and Carey introduce a 9 step, iterative process to Instructional Design. The model relies on the relationship between content, context, learner behavior, and instructional techniques. It is still one of the most popular Instructional design models today. -
Personal Computers
The introduction and the popularity of personal computers caused many instructional design professionals to begin focusing on computer - based instruction. -
Human Performance Improvement
This movement emphasized on-the-job performance and non-instructional solutions to performance problems. Computer based knowledge management systems to support learning and performance gained a lot of interest.
