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Slate and Chalk
Because of the expense of paper, people needed a less costly way to write. That issue was resolved and pupils were able to correct their mistakes thanks to personal slates and chalk. -
Chalkboard
Chalkboards, also known as "blackboards", played an essential role in not only language classes, but also all kinds of classes in earlier times that teachers had less tools. -
Radio
The most widely used technology for teaching and studying English in the 1920s was radio transmission. two-way communication is enabled by radio use. -
Period: to
CALL Era
Levy (1997) defined CALL as "the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning". -
Period: to
MALL Era
Mobile-assisted language learning is the practice of learning a language with the help of a portable mobile device. Viberg and Grönlund (2012) explain what tools are needed for the MALL as "The technology to assist in this process includes any kind of handheld mobile devices such as cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, pads, pods, etc." -
Skinner Teaching Machine
It was created by behavioural psychologist B.F. Skinner. It puts questions and answers on paper discs. -
Behaviourist or Structural CALL
This approach is referred to as drill-and-practice CALL because it is based on behaviourist ideas. -
Personal Computer
Gündüz (2005) explains the role of the computer in teaching "It can be used as the mainstay of a course, or back up, revision,reinforcement, extension, and so on. It may communicate with the student visually bydisplaying text, graphics or video images on a screen; it can also present sound in the formof speech, music or other audio-output." -
Communicative CALL
In order to increase students' accuracy, fluency, and agency during the Communicative Call period, multimedia and the Internet were used. The main goal was to improve the conversation skills of language learners. -
CD-ROM Drive
By storing listening exercises and a variety of interactive book resources like dictionaries and other tools, CD-ROMs helped in language teaching. -
The Internet.
The Internet provides instant access to limitless authentic materials for language teaching and learning. -
Smartboard
They use a touch-sensitive screen, projector, and computer. They are used in a variety of contexts, including corporate boardrooms, classrooms at various levels of education, and other places. -
Integrative CALL
In this phase, practitioners have focused their efforts on integrating the teaching of language skills into content-based tasks, authentic interactions, and collaborative projects that provide direction and coherence. -
Web 2.0
Web 2.0 enables users to gain free access to the data on internet. In language teaching, we can use free tools such as Pear Deck, Padlet, Kahoot!. -
REFERENCES
Gündüz, N. (2005). "Computer Assisted Language Learning" (CALL). Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. Vol.1, No.2 Levy, M. (1997). CALL: context and conceptualization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Viberg, O., & Grönlund, Å. (2012). Mobile assisted language learning: A literature review. In 11th World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning -
REFERENCES 2
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Ibm_pc_5150.jpg https://miro.medium.com/max/667/1*DK8XNxvfjbfKGW0YckuGBQ.jpeg https://productimages.hepsiburada.net/s/25/375/10126654865458.jpg https://image.shutterstock.com/image-photo/empty-green-chalkboard-on-white-260nw-1247526922.jpg https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/chalk-slate-with-chalk-picture-id900363148?k=20&m=900363148&s=170667a&w=0&h=HjL4YThO-O6zenXL1tTIyXZem8z4TQcgH0PyHJq4V6g= -
REFERENCES 3
