history of computers timeline.

A device for making arithmetic calculations, consisting of a frame set with rods on which balls or beads are moved. It was in use in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Arabic numeral system. Although today calculators and computers are usually used instead of abacuses, abacuses still remain in common use in some countries.

The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1936 to 1937 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was an electrically driven, mechanical, binary calculator with limited programming that read instructions from perforated celluloid film. The Z1 was the first freely programmable computer in the world to use Boolean logic and binary floating point numbers, however it was not reliable in operation.

In the United States, the IBM company builds the Harvard Mark I electromechanical computer. It was the first computer created in the United States. The computer used electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical parts. This machine was slow and inflexible; but he performed basic mathematical operations and complex calculations of equations on parabolic motion.

In England, the Colossus computers are built, with the aim of deciphering the communications of the Germans during the Second World War. The Colossus machine was originally designed by Tommy Flowers at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill. The prototype, the Colossus Mark I, was in operation at Bletchley Park in February 1944. An improved version, the Colossus Mark II, was installed in June 1944, and about ten Colossus were built by the end of the war.

ENIAC is built at the University of Pennsylvania, it was the first general-purpose electronic computer. ENIAC, acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. It was Turing-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve "a vast class of number problems."

EDVAC, conceived by John von Neumann, begins to operate, which unlike ENIAC was not decimal, but binary. It had the first program designed to be stored. This design became the architectural standard for most modern computers.

The IBM 650 was one of IBM's first computers, and the first to be manufactured on a large scale. 2,000 units were produced from 1954 (the first sale) through 1962. In 1969, IBM stopped providing service for the 650 and its components. The 650 is a machine that encodes both data and memory addresses in the decimal system, storing each digit in biquinary code. This code saves, through several bits, two variables: one with 2 possible states, and another with 5 possible states.

The Apple II family of computers was the first series of mass-produced microcomputers made by the Apple Computer company between June 5, 1977 and the mid-1980s. The Apple II had an 8-bit architecture based on the 6502 processor. It was completely different from later Apple Macintosh models.

The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and the progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is the IBM model 5150, and it was introduced on August 12, 1981 as part of the fifth generation of computers. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge and William C. Lowe of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida.

Epson HX-20 (also known as HC-20), generally regarded as the first notebook computer, announced by Epson in November 1981, although it did not become widely sold until 1983. Hailed by BusinessWeek magazine as the "fourth revolution in personal computing" is generally considered the first portable notebook type computer and it is for this reason that it is highly valued among collectors.

The Toshiba T1100 was a notebook computer manufactured by Toshiba in 1986 and subsequently described by Toshiba as the "world's first mass market notebook computer." Its technical specifications are comparable to those of the original IBM desktop PC, using floppy disks (no hard drive), a 4.77 MHz Intel 80C88 CPU (CMOS version of the Intel 8088), and a 640x200 monochrome text-only liquid crystal display (80 columns by 25 rows). Its original price was $ 1,899

abacus

Z1

Harvard Mark 1

Colossus

ENIAC

EDVAC

IBM 650

Apple II

IBM PC

Epson HX-20

Toshiba T1100