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Blaise Pascal (mathematician)
Blaise Pascal (mathematician) invented the Pascaline (1642) only performed addition (never worked) -
Stepped Reckener (Leibniz)
Stepped Reckener (Leibniz) first add, subtract, multiply, divide & square roots (malfunctioned parts – ahead of it’s time) -
Ada Byron
Ada Byron (Countess of Lovelace) – first programmer & stated no computer no matter how powerful could ever think which is still true today -
Charles Babbage 1829
Difference Engine (Babbage) Made for Navigation ships (lost at sea) – never built but led to Analytical Engine -
Charles Babbage
Analytical Engine – followed programs on punched cards (still do today) & designed to make decisions based on programs (larger of 2 nums) – never built but model for today -
ENIAC
ENIAC – made for WWII trajectory of shells but finished after war was over
Solved problem that team of mathematicians needed three days in twenty seconds!
30 tons & 1500 sq ft (average home) -
ENIAC
These are the first TRUE computers (not calcs) -
Eniac/ABC
Eniac/ABC still needed pulling, plugging & switch flipping to change instructions -
Herman Hollerith
Herman Hollerith – Created (now) IBM -
Herman Hollerith
End of 19th Century the Census took 9 years to compile (outdated) thus Invented Tabulating Machine used Electricity instead of gears – general count of population now six weeks -
Eniac/ABC
Eniac/ABC still needed pulling, plugging & switch flipping to change instructions -
Herman Hollerith
Mark 1 (1944) – IBM – Used punch cards – but could not make decisions so still calculator (sophisticated) but 51 feet in length and weight 5 tons -
John Von Neumann
John Von Neumann – Idea of stored program in CPU to control all functions
Program – List of instructions written in a language that the computer understands. -
ENIAC
ENIAC – made for WWII trajectory of shells but finished after war was over
Solved problem that team of mathematicians needed three days in twenty seconds!
30 tons & 1500 sq ft (average home)
These are the first TRUE computers (not calcs) -
Transistor
Transistor (1947) invented to make computers smaller and less expensive
Speeds up to 10,000 calculations per second
1960s IBM Model 650 – first medium-sized computer
Still expensive for corporations/government only
Smaller & Cheaper than anything before
Punched cards replaced by magnetic tape -
hISTORY 5
CPU (Central Processing Unit) processes data and controls flow of data (heart) & directs all activities of the computer
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) within the CPU for arithmetic and logic/comparisons (brain)
Peripheral devices - additional devices (scanners/printers)
Motherboard – Main circuit board
Clock rate – speed CPU executes instructions
ROM (Read Only Memory) – permanent/basic operating instructions (not changed) -
EDVAC & EDSAC (Von Neumann)
EDVAC & EDSAC (Von Neumann) solved problems with instructions on paper tape Entering instructions now in machine language (0s and 1s) to represent switches -
UNIVAC
UNIVAC used stored program concept correctly & first computer language (C-10) with first keyboard
Sold to Census Bureau in 1951
Still large and expensive – only large corporations & government could afford
1000 calculations per second -
John Von Neumann
John Von Neumann – Idea of stored program in CPU to control all functions
Program – List of instructions written in a language that the computer understands. -
Machine Language and Assembly language
Machine Language – 0’s & 1’s is the only language that a computer understands (low-level)
Written directly to address hardware
Very complex & tedious
Assembly language (also low-level) with names to represent machine language
Must be translated to machine (assembled)
High-level programming languages have English-like instructions (easier to use) but must be compiled (translated to assembly)
Languages include Fortran, COBOL (for Depar -
HISTORY3
Microprocessor (Marcian Hoff, 1970)
Entire CPU on a chip
Made Microcomputers (computer small enough to fit on a desktop) possible
Altair (1975) first Microcomputer
Stephen Wozniak & Steven Jobs built Apple computer in their garage (1976)
IBM-PC (1981) had spreadsheet, accounting & word processing software (instant success)
Available to all – Compared Porsche $1
*BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) – uses an interpreter so code can be tested as it is written -
HISTORY
Grace Murray Hopper (made COBOL) used “debug” to remove a moth – still used today
Ada Byron (first programmer - female)
*Integrated Circuits (ICs) – Computer Chips
Replaced transistors
Fastest; Millions of calculations per second
Silicon etched with intricate circuits
IBM System 360 one of first computers with circuits
Difficulty keeping up with demand
Cheaper so hospitals & universities could afford
*Created a BASIC language interpreter (1975)
Founded Microsoft (1977)
Developed MS-DOS for PC -
HISTORY TWO
Mainframe
Large & Expensive ($100,000-millions range)
Large corporations, banks, governments & universities
Usually has ‘dummy’ terminals
Usually requires their own room
IBM System 360 was one of first
A smaller ‘minicomputer’ was also used on a smaller scale
Eventually MICROcomputers became common -
HISTORY4
BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) – uses an interpreter so code can be tested as it is written
Object-oriented programming (OOP) evolved creates modules to use over again
Visual Basic, C++ and Java are OOPs
Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) are more high level than high-level languges
Be able to identify hardware of the PC (monitor, keyboard, mouse, disk drives, etc.)
Input Devices (Takes information in) vs. Output Devices (Sends information out) -
HISTORY 6
RAM (Random Access Memory) – temporary with current apps/documents (lost when off)
Printers
Laser printer uses laser and toner/better & more expensive/faster
Ink Jet uses ink cartridges with dots of ink/cheaper
Data Flow -
ABC (first electronic computer)
ABC (first electronic computer) used binary number system of 1s and 0s still used today (wasn’t recognized until the 1990s) -
HISTORY7
Hardware – the physical/touchable ‘equipment’ on a computer (monitor, keyboard, memory CHIPS, etc.)
Software – the programs running
Operating System Software – programs that run automatically when turned on & controls the computer use (i.e. DOS/Windows)
Applications Software – performs specific tasks (word processor, games, etc.) -
HISTORY10
MB (Megabyte) – approx. 1 million bytes
GB (Gigabyte) – approx. 1 billion bytes
KB (Kilobyte) – approx 1 thousand bytes
Memory address – binary representation of a location in memory
Network – Computers connected to share software and devices
LAN (Local Area Network) – Close proximity
WAN (Wide Area Network) – long distances
Internet – world wide (very large) network
Intranet – a network within a company not publically accessed
Bandwidth – amount of data and speed can travel over media -
HISTORY11
Rules:
Do not access another account
Do not share passwords & change them
Use appropriate subject matter/language & be considerate of others (beliefs)
Privacy:
Online profiling (collecting info)
Cookies (text file with user info)
Web beacon (transparent graphic for data)
Internet services (ISP) & online information services (i.e. AOL) offer access and information to and on the Internet
Telecommunications – transmitting and receiving of data -
HISTORY12
Internet services (ISP) & online information services (i.e. AOL) offer access and information to and on the Internet
Telecommunications – transmitting and receiving of data
Kbps (KB per sec.) or Mbps (MB per sec.)
Modems transfer 0s and 1s into tones
WWW – most widely used Internet service
Browsers (i.e. Internet Explorer) GUI for info
Information age – the present time because of the ability to access large amounts of data -
HISTORY13
Data Entry
Systems Analysts
Programmers (VB)
MIS Managers (Tech Directors)
Computer Scientist s
Computer Engineers
Computer Manufacturing Workers
Technical Support Technicians
Sales
Computer Teacher
Tech Director/Coordinator
Intranet Analyst
Network Administrator
Web Careers (Developers/Designer/Webmaster/Author) -
HISTORY8
Bluetooth – wireless technology used to allow mobile computer devices to communicate
Mobile computing devices – Notebooks, tablets, handhelds and wearable computers
Smartphone – Most popular & growing
Circuits are off or on – Binary Number System
Bit (Binary Digit) – Each 0 or 1
Byte – 8 bit unit (each letter/num on keyboard)
Base 10 – our number system (0 – 9)
Hexadecimal – Base 16 (no conversions on test)
Unicode – sixteen 1s and 0s for all sybols -
HISTORY13
Copyright infringement – illegal use or reproduction of data (text, photos, music, etc.)
Piracy – illegal copies of software
Malicious code – Viruses, worms
Antivirus programs – Detect and remove malicious code
Firewall – Hardware/software to preent access
