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School Museums Rise
School Museums were created in select cities to house visual technology materials -
Instructional Films Gain Popularity
The Keystone Company published visual education guides for lantern slides and stereo graph for public use -
1st Catalog of Instructional Films Published
Instructional films gained popularity and demand -
Instructional Films Gain Popularity
Rodchester Public Schools officially adopted the regular practice of using films for instruction -
Instructional Film Growth Slows
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Department of Visual Instruction Created
One organization part of the National Education Association, now called the Association for Education Communication and Technology, took a role to become a leader in instructional design. -
Huge investments lost
Reiser (2018) states that, "commercial interets in the visual instruction movement had invested and lost more than $50 million, only part of which was due to the Great Depression." -
Gain of Radio Popularity
There was a large radio would impact audiovisual learning. However due to poor quality, poor equipment, and scheduling difficulties it did not take off as rapidly as once thought. -
Visualizing the Curriculum Written
Charles F. Hoban, Sr., Charles F. Hoban, Jr., and Stanley B/ Zissman wrote one of the most important textbooks relating to visual instruction. -
Instructional Technology focus on Instructional Media
Between 1920 and 1940 the definition of "instructional technology" was mainly focused actual tools that aided in learning. The media sources (television, radio broadcasts, sound, and motion picture) defined not only the technology, but also the instruction. -
US Military Uses Film and Film Strips for Training/Education
The development of the Division of Visual Aids for War Training is developed. Germany commends American on it's ability to quickly and efficiently train men going into war. -
IMB Works with Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)
The first CAI program was used in a school -
Instructional Television Gain Momentum
Federal Communication Commission allocates 242 channels for public education. This allowed people to learn from a distance. Although, it eventually lost momentum due to many reasons, but notably poor quality and scheduling conflicts. -
The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching is published
This work, by B.F. Skinner dramatically changed the way teachers thought about learning and executed their teaching. Skinner suggested many thing, but his big idea involved breaking learning and teaching into small steps. He believed that this would help learners because they could ask questions about each specific area being taught, thus ensuring higher achievement rates. -
Blooms Taxonomy was Born
Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues gave birth to what is commonly called Blooms Taxonomy. This is a hierarchy of learning that is still referred to today.They stressed the importance of testing and teaching to all levels of the hierarchy. -
Sputnik Scared US into Science and Math
The United States was impressed and scared by the Soviet's work to launch Sputnik into space. In an effort to create space growth of their own, the US poured a great deal of money into science and math research and education. Along with the quick serge of funds came resources and materials that may or may not have been best practice. -
Personal Computer Usage Gain Popularity among Higher Education
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Criterion-Referenced Testing Emerges
This was the first time educators we beginning to think about criterion-referenced testing. This type of testing is used to determine how well a student can demonstrate learning where the educator is just looking at that specific student. The student's score has nothing to do with the scores of his or her peers. -
Instructional Technology Begins to be Defined as a Process
In 1960, Finn finally included words such as "instructional problems". This was the beginning of exploring instructional technology as more than a tool, but a systematic way of using media to support instruction. (Reiser, 2018) -
Behavioral Objectives Become Clear
Robert Mager wrote "Preparing Objective for Programmed Instruction". A book so popular that there is now a second edition. In his work he realized that many educators were not clearly stating a learning objective. Mager explained the best set a purpose for learning. He believed it was important for a student to know what he or she was going to learn, how it was going to happen, and how to demonstrate mastery. -
Department of Audiovisual Instruction Approves Official Definition
Now called the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, this organization publicly released a definition of instructional technology as a field. This definition not only went beyond media, but also steps for design. Within these steps there was focus on learning that went beyond the design of instruction. -
Robert M. Gagne Publishes The Conditions of Learning
This text is currently in it's fourth edition (Gagne, 1985) and has revolutionized how teachers plan their instruction. One of his biggest findings dealt with mastering skills. He believed that each skill taught has related skills that go along with it. A learning cannot master the much larger skill until he or she has mastered the smaller, related skill. -
Formative and Summative Evaluation Officially Coined
Michael Scriven (1967) gave the official name and difference of the way learning materials were evaluated. He formally expressed that materials could be formatively assessed, teachers could make adjustments as they went or the could be summatively assessed and teachers would look back after they had finished using a resourced. This idea had been previously discussed by many other educators and researchers, but Scriven was the first to gives these official names and definitions. -
Commission on Instructional Technology Provides Two Definitions
The United States government formed a Commission on Instructional Technology in hopes of exploring the positive and negative consequences related to increasing technology in education.
The two definitions almost seem contradictory, as the first one is more focused on a definition rooted in media, but the second is based in the process. The second one even mentions words like "systematic" that had not previously been used.
The second definition also focused on learning goals and specific desig -
Journal of Instructional Development Produced
This journal was created to display all of the growth of instructional design. Researchers were seeing growth in many different manners, locally, in business and industry, and even world wide. -
AECT Updates Instructional Technology Definition
This definition was much longer and deeper than previous versions. It indicated that the whole definition encompassed all sixteen statements and nine chapters. It also is the first time a definition included the evaluation phase of planning. This evaluative phase can also be seen in the ADDIE learning models. Instructional designers were beginning to focus on reflection. -
Constructivism and Cognitive Psychology Change Thinking
Researchers in the field began to investigate the practice of constructivism. This is the idea that learners should be able to demonstrate a skill or set of skills in a real-life environment. It puts a practical application to the purpose for learning. -
Instructional Technology Goes Beyond a Process
The AECT revisits the definition and publishes "Instructional Technology: The Definitions and Domains of the Field". This book, and new definition, began to incorporate some of same ideas that were seen in design models. For example, the idea that instructional technology shows a lot of theory and process, the process can be research or practice.
It also stated that learning is the overall goal that drives instruction. -
Wide Spread Presence of Personal Computers in Schools
Computers now had many more capabilities than previous models and could fit on a desk. Teachers began to bring them into the classroom -
Online Instruction Grows
The growth of online instruction has changed many things about the instructional design field. Online learning has showed researchers the news needs associated with distance learning. It has created a need for researchers to continue to understand and find the most effective practices. -
AECT Changes Definition Verbiage
A new book is published to reflect the change in the definition. One of the biggest changes is the term "ethical". It highlights the importance of the maintaining high professional standards.