-
Period: to
Historical Evolution of the Field
DESIGN * DEVELOP * UTILIZATION * MANAGE * EVALUATE * RESOURCES * RESUME * REFLECTIONS.
Media has always been secondary to IDT until the 21st century but with the creation of the Internet, PCs, and mobile devices, traditional IDT was replaced. Media's start in 1905 with museums exhibiting slides, charts, and photography led to AudioVisual (1920): talkies, radio, television, projectors, CD-ROMS, and PCs. -
Instructional Media: Audiovisual Movement (Event 1)
The consolidation in 1932 of the Department of Visual Instruction (DVI) and the National Education Association became a big event in A/V. This organization is now called the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT). (Saettler, 1990) -
Instructional Media: Theories of Communication (Event 2)
In the 1950s, many forms of communication were taking place in media: military, education, training, and through various channels such as to send and receive messages, radio, and television instructional educational broadcasting. (Saettler, 1990) -
Instructional Design & Technology: The Programmed Instruction Movement (Event 4)
"In 1954, B. F. Skinner's article, “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching,” called a minor revolution in the field of education." Skinner stated that such materials, called programmed instructional materials, should present instruction in small steps, require active responses to frequent questions, provide immediate feedback, and allow for learner self-pacing." (Skinner, 1954) -
Instructional Media: Instructional Television (Event 3)
"The growth of instructional television during the 1950s was also stimulated by funding provided by the Ford Foundation. It has been estimated that during the 1950s and 1960s the foundation and its agencies spent more than $170 million on educational television (Gordon, l970)." -
Instructional Design & Technology: Domains of Learning (Event 1)
In 1965, The Conditions of Learning, by Robert Gagné described five domains or learning outcomes: verbal information, intellectual and psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies. Robert Gagné (1965b) -
Instructional Design & Technology: Nine Events of Exercises (Event 2)
Robert Gagné (1965b) also wrote about the nine events of learning: gain attention, inform learners of the goal, stimulate recall of what was already learned, present the stimulus, provide learning criticism, bring out the performance, provide comments, connect the performance, retain and relocate. -
Instructional Design & Technology: The Indirect Launching of Formative Evaluation (Event 3)
Michael Scriven (1967) pointed out a need to try out rough copies of instructional materials with the student prior to its final form. This would aid educators to have a chance to look over their materials and revise in the beginning draft. "Scriven coined this tryout and revision process formative evaluation and contrasted it with what he labeled summative evaluation, the testing of materials after in their final form." (Scriven, 1967) -
Instructional Media: Bi Polar (Event 4)
Due to teacher resistance to learning or the proper training support provided, to not receiving the training on operating the equipment, cost to maintain, and as fast as the enthusiasm rose the faster it faded due to the above. (Cuban, 1986)
