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Visual Education
Keystone View Company published Visual Education, a teacher's guide to lanter slides and stereographs -
DVI
Department of Visual Instruction was created -
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US ARMY
During World War II, US Army Air Force produced more than 400 training films and 600 filmstrips. In a 2 year period, it was estimated that there were over 4 million showings of the training films to US military personnel. (p.19) -
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Audio-Visual Movement
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Bloom
Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues published the "Taxonomy of Educational Objectives which boosted behavioral objective (p24) -
Benjamin Bloom
behavioral objectives were given another boost when Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues published the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives -
FCC
One factore that spurred the growth of instructional television was the 1952 Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes (p.20) -
Miller
Robert Miller developed a detailed task analysis methodology- Psychological Principles in System Development (p23) -
Skinner
B.F. Skinner wrote an article titled, "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching". It described his ideas regarding the requirements for increasing human learning and the desired characteristics of effective instructional materials. (p23) -
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The Programmed Instruction Movement
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Sputnik
Soviet Union launched the first orbiting space satellite, which lead to the US Government pouring millions of dollars into improving math and science education in the US (p25) -
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Early Instructional Design Models
The concepts that were being developed in such areas as task analysis, objective specification, and criterion-referenced testing were linked together to form a process for systematically designing instructional materials. (p25) -
Testing
emergence of criterion-referenced testing -
Mager
Robert Mager recognized the need to teach educators how to write objectives. Wrote "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction" -
Ford Foundation
Ford Foundation decided to focus its support on public television in general, rather than on in-school applications of instructional television. -
Pask
Gordon Pask - created adaptive teaching machine, made use of computer technology -
The Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne wrote "The conditions of Learning" which described 5 domain, or types, of learning outcomes- verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies. -
School Museums
Saettler indicated that museums "served as the central administrative units for visualinstruction by their distribution of portable museum exhibits, stereographs, slides, films, study prints, charts, and other instructional materials" (p.89) -
General Systems Theory
General systems theory emerged as another fundamental tenet of instructional design -
Definition
Definition of field evolves, viewing IDT as a process -
Instructional Design
Several branches of the US military adopted an instructional design model intended to guide the development of training materials within those branches (p26) -
Cpmputers
Computers were being used for instructional purposes in more tham 40% of all elementary schools and more than 75% of all secondary schools in the United States. (p.20) -
Papert
Papert indicated that the computer was going to be "a catalyst of very deep and radical change in the education system" (p.20) -
5 Domains
IDT is described in terms of five domains—design, development, utilization, management and evaluation -
Student Computers
Schools possessed one computer for every nine students -
Classroom Computers
By 1999, 64% of classrooms had computers with Internet Access. -
Growth
During the first decade of the 21st Century, there was a significant growth in online learning in business and industry and the military, as well as K-12 and higher education (p27) -
Merrill
Merrill proposes Pebble-in-the-Pond approach -
Internet Access
Internet access was available in 93% of classrooms (p21) -
Survey Says
In 2010, a survey revealed that over 50% of college faculty used social media for instructional purposes.