-
650 BCE
Carthaginian Trade Empire
Descendants of the Phoenicians, they take over the Greek and Phoenician trade routes with colonies along the coasts of Iberia. -
300 BCE
IndoEuropean Celts
Migrate south to Iberian peninsula which already had Celts, Turdetani, Aquetani, and Iberians -
Period: 264 BCE to 241 BCE
Punic Wars
Carthaginian leader Hannibal who has colonies in Iberia looses to Roman kingdom. -
Period: 251 BCE to 400
Romanization Period
Parts of Iberia, now Hispania, become thoroughly Romanized. Most people in Romanized parts speak varying dialects of vulgar Latin, which eventually becomes mutually unintelligible from Latin and therefore new languages like Castilian and Catalan. -
Period: 401 to 711
Visigoth Period
Goths and other groups establish short lived kingdoms after the fall of Rome. Then the Visigoths enter and try to restore Roman life to Hispania and Gaul. They get pushed out of Gaul by the Franks and fight against the Byzantines. By 624 (now Catholic) they consolidate hold on entire Iberian peninsula except the Basque region. They are conquered by the Umayyad empire. -
587
Recared becomes Catholic
Visigoths are already Romanized when they first invade Hispania trying to reinstitute the Roman empire. They are Aryan Christians until King Recared becomes Catholic. -
Period: 711 to 850
Umayyad Period
Though the rest of the Umayyad empire collapsed shortly after it conquered the Visigoths in Spain, one contingent remained unconquered and controlled most of Spain except for Asturias and Navarra in the north. Umayyad controlled Spain from Cordoba in Al-Andaluz period. -
Period: 850 to 1173
Reconquista and Taifa States
Catholic Spaniards from the north push the now fractured Umayyad territory called "Taifa States" controlled by Arabic-speaking North African Muslims into fewer and fewer territories. Catholic kingdoms in the north are, from West to East: Leon, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, Catalonia. Muslims still control most of Iberia. -
1014
El Cantar del Mio Cid
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (c. 1043 – 10 July 1099) was a Castilian knight and ruler in medieval Spain. Fighting both with Christian and Muslim armies during his lifetime, he earned the Arabic honorific as-Sayyid, which would evolve into El Çid. He was born in Vivar, a village near the city of Burgos. He ecame Spain's hero and protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, which presents him as the ideal medieval knight: strong, valiant, loyal, just, and pious. -
Period: 1173 to 1212
Almohad
Almohad Muslims unify the Taifa states in southern half of Spain even as the Catholic kingdoms in north expand. Portugal becomes a kingdom. Expansion largely because Almohad issue "kill or convert" decree causing Christians and Jews to flee Andalucía creating a real North Catholic/South Muslim divide on the Iberian Peninsula. -
1184
Eurpean Inquisition
The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, conducting trials of suspected heretics. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances, but convictions of unrepentant heresy were handed over to the secular courts, which generally resulted in execution or life imprisonment. -
Period: 1212 to 1250
Granada Cruzadas
United Catholic kingdoms Castile, Aragon, and Navarre lead crusades against Muslims in South, conquering territory and limiting Islam to "La Granada" which is southern coast and most of what is now Portugal. -
1246
Milagros de Nuestra Señora
Obra capital de Gonzalo de Berceo, clérigo secular que sin embargo pertenecía a la órbita del monasterio de San Millán. Compilación de 25 milagros de la Virgen María, escritos en español, en una etapa tardía de su vida. His work belongs to clerical minstrel poetry, a medieval literature genre written by clerics whose aim is to teach the Christian faith in an interesting and entertaining way. -
Period: 1250 to 1492
Castile and Aragon Unite as "Spain"
Eventually marrying Isabel and Ferdinand to unite most of Iberia including the Basque kingdom of Navarre (but not Portugal). This new place called Spain completes La Reconquista and kicks the Muslims (and Jews and Rom) out. -
Period: 1252 to 1284
Alfonso X
King of Castilla Leon who decided that Castilian would be the language of Spain. -
1320
Libro del Buen Humor
Juan Ruiz. What is more important, sex or God? -
1335
Conde Lucanor
Tales of Count Lucanor is a collection of parables written in by Juan Manuel (who fought Moors himself), Prince of Villena. It is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. The book is divided into five parts. The first and best-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales. -
1440
Jorge Manrique
A Castillian who wrote the four-line verse Poem on The Death of his Father, where he reflects, in a beautiful and profound way, on the brevity of life and the finite nature of worldly goods. “Our lives are the rivers
That go to the sea of death;
There go the estates
Straight to their end and consumption.” -
Period: 1478 to
Spanish Inquisition
Judicial institution ostensibly established to combat heresy in Spain. In practice, the Spanish Inquisition served to consolidate power in the monarchy of the newly unified Spanish kingdom, but it achieved that end through infamously brutal methods. -
1482
Romance de la Perdida de Alhama
King of Spanish town bears bad news that the town has fallen to the Moors. He condemn everyone for letting the tragedy happen, but a wise Arabic man tells the truth that the king did nothing to help the town either. -
1492
Gramatica De la Lengua Castellana
Published in same year as the Reconquista in order to unify Spain under one language. If you understand this language and if this is the way you speak, then you are part of the nation of Spain. -
Period: 1492 to
Siglo de Oro
The start of the Golden Age can be placed in 1492, with the end of the Reconquista, the voyages of Christobal Colon to the New World, and the publication of Antonio de Nebrija's Grammar of the Castilian Language. It came to an end around the time of the Treaty of the Pyrenees that concluded the Franco-Spanish War of 1635 to 1659. Some extend the Golden Age up to 1681 with the death of Pedro Calderón de la Barca, the last great writer of the age. -
1499
La Celestina
Fernando De Rojas composed The Celestina during the reign of The Catholic Kings. The work revolves around the love between Calisto and Melibea, two idle youngsters whose relationship is encouraged by the enabler Celestina. -
1499
La Celestina
Fernando Rojas, first Spanish novel. Casamentera Celestina unites Calisto and Melibea -
1525
Garcilaso de la Vega
The Renaissance instilled a division between the natural and supernatural in reaction to The Middle Ages, where religion was always present.
Three types of poetry stood out: The Profane, The Ascetic and The Mystical
Profane Poetry is represented by Garcilaso De La Vega. A cultured, elegant man who served in the court of Carlos I. He wrote about love and the pastoral life adding a more natural tinge to Heaven than what Catholicism allowed.
busquemos otros prados y otros ríos -
1556
Lazarillo de Tormes
Somewhere between the Renaissance and the Baroque periods is born the Picaresque Novel with Lazarillo de Tormes by an unknown author. So is born the literary figure of the rogue, who appears in later novels of the same genre like “Guzmán de Alfarache” by Mateo Alemán or The Life of a Hustler called Don Pablos by Quevedo. -
1562
Santa Teresa de Jesus
In the Renaissance's Mystical Poetry, Saint John of the Cross and Saint Teresa of Jesus stand out. Saint Teresa is most famous for a fragment of one of her poems where she expresses her burning desire to reach a perfect union with God. “I live without living in me,
And such a high life do I aspire to,
That I die because I do not die.” -
1576
Fray Luis de Leon
Fray Luis De Leon belongs to the Renaissance's Ascetic branch of poetry. He was expelled from the University of Salamanca because of the Inquisition’s investigation into his beautiful translation of Song of Songs from the bible. After several years in prison, he was reinstated and uttered the famous phrase, “As we were saying yesterday,” when he returned to teaching (in 1576). -
Period: 1580 to
Barroco
The literary Baroque took place in Spain during the Golden Age of Spanish literature. It starts with the first works of Góngora and Lope de Vega. Authors suffered from a deep pessimism at the utter failure of the Renaissance ideals, which promised happiness and perfection. Instead, they got a world riddled with wars, sickness and deep economic and political problems. Death was regarded at the "cure" for this. This gave way to a deep preoccupation about the passage of time -
Spanish Armada Defeated
by the British when Felipe II tried to dethrone Elizabeth I. Spain downward spiral after that. -
Lope de Vega
In the theatre Lope De Vega was the most popular writer of the Baroque period, with a large number of plays. He revitalized the theatre, writing his plays to reflect the times in which he lived. Amongst them, the cloak- and- dagger comedies stand out. His lyrical writing is also much appreciated, such as the first verse of the romantic poem El Solitario: “To my loneliness I come and go
Because to walk with myself
I have enough with my thoughts” -
Zarzuela
A mix of theater and music popular in Spain and then later in Cuba. Amadeo Vives was a popular composer of zarzuela. -
Don Quixote
Miguel De Cervantes grew up during the Renaissance period, but he found fame and died during the Baroque. He is considered the father of the modern novel. After leaving La Galatea unfinished and writing a series of respected novels, he arrived at his peak with Don Quijote, in which his protagonist, Alonso Quijano, fan of books about chivalry, goes slightly mad and ventures out with his horse Rocinante and his squire Sancho, to provide justice according to the rules of chivalry. -
Gongora v Quevedo
In reaction to the optimism of the Renaissance, emerged the skepticism of the Baroque Period. A slow but progressive decline of the Spanish Empire in the military and diplomacy areas begins and there is a boom in the trend for artificial and refined poetry. Góngora uses language full of flowery Latin expressions, known as Culteranismo, and Quevedo, considered the great love poet of this century, played with double meaning by using a language known as Conceptista (witty or ingenious). -
Calderon de la Barca
The great playwright of the Baroque period other than Lope de Vega is Calderon de la Barca who invented a more philosophical style of theatre, providing his characters with greater depth and reflection. In Life is a Dream, the sublime soliloquy of Segismundo stands out: “An illusion, a shadow, a fiction
The greater good is small,
All life is a dream,
And dreams are simply dreams…” -
Tirso de Molina
In El Burlador de Sevilla, Don Juan tricks a bunch of different women from different social classes in different ways into having sex with him. A few times it is because he disguises himself as their actual fiances. He always brags of his exploits and thinks he has a long life ahead. In the end, three women whom he's "burlado" find out that they are victims of the same guy. He is killed by the ghost of one of their fathers, so his life didn't end up being long. -
La vida es sueño
play by Pedro Calderón de la Barca. story focuses on the fictional Segismundo, Prince of Poland, who has been imprisoned in a tower by his father, King Basilio, following a dire prophecy that the prince would bring disaster to the country and death to the King. Basilio briefly frees Segismundo, but when the prince goes on a rampage, the king imprisons him again, persuading him that it was all a dream. conflict between free will and fate, as well as restoring one's honor. -
Diego Velazquez
Paints las Meninas -
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
New Spain. Protofeminist who put herself in a convent to focus on her studies. Published Hombres Necios in 1689 and her writings were not censured even though feminist. That is, until she critiqued a Jesuit sermon. Catholic church burned her library, one of the most extensive in the Americas. -
Period: to
Neoclasico
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND NEOCLASSICISM
In the 18th century, with King Philip V arrived the Bourbon dynasty and the Enlightenment, so-called because of the movement which started in France. There is a return to the classical, with an educational and moral aim. -
Period: to
War of Spanish Succession
Charles II dies childless so Philip of France wins the war and becomes Philip V of Spain. -
Félix María Samaniego
Félix María Samaniego was a poet whose books of fables for schoolchildren have a grace and simplicity that has won them a place as the first poems that Spanish children learn to recite in school. Born into an aristocratic Basque family, Samaniego traveled in France. Returning to his native country, he devoted the rest of his life to the welfare of his fellow Basques. Because of an anonymous attack on Iriarte that contained criticisms of the church, Samaniego was imprisoned in 1793. -
Tomás de Iriarte
The Fábulas literarias, with which his name is most intimately associated, are composed in a variety of metres, and was known for humorous attacks on literary men and methods. During his later years, partly as a consequence of the Fábulas, Iriarte was entangled in personal controversies, and in 1786 was reported to the Inquisition for his sympathies with French philosophers. -
Noches Lugubres
Although influenced by the classics, as seen in his neoclassical drama Sancho García (1771) and his anacreontic verse in Ocios de mi juventud (1773; “Diversions of My Youth”), Jose de Cadalso is considered a forerunner of Spanish Romanticism because of his Noches lúgubres, an autobiographical prose work inspired by the death of his love, the actress María Ignacia Ibáñez. -
Cartas Marruecas
José de Cadalso y Vázquez was a Spanish writer famous for his Cartas Marruecas, in which a Moorish traveler in Spain makes penetrating criticisms of Spanish life. Educated in Madrid, Cadalso traveled widely and, although he hated war, enlisted in the army against the Portuguese during the Seven Years’ War. His prose satire Los eruditos a la violeta, directed against the pseudo-learned, was his most popular work. -
Period: to
Romanticismo
rejection of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified late 18th-century Neoclassicism. It was also to some extent a reaction against both the Enlightenment and church, and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, local landscapes, common folk. Tipified by Jose de Espronceda. -
Francisco Goya
Painted onto the walls of his house directly after exiling himself from the king's court. First to paint what he wanted rather than commissioned by church and king, though he did that too most of his life. -
Jose de Espronceda
José de Espronceda wrote his best poems after coming into contact with the English Romanticism. He had a weakness for those on the margins of society, as in his poem The Song of the Pirate: “With ten cannons on either side,
And the wind in our sails,
Rather than slice through the sea, it flies
The Bergantine sailing ship.” -
Mariano José de Larra
Representa el «Romanticismo democrático en acción». Lejos de la complacencia en las efusiones del sentimiento, Fígaro sitúa España en el centro de su obra crítica y satírica. -
Period: to
War Of Triple Alliance Against Paraguay
Brazil helped the leader of Uruguay’s Colorado Party to oust his Blanco Party opponent. Paraguay's dictator, Francisco Solano López like the Blanco party so went to war with Brazil. Bartolomé Mitre, president of Argentina, then organized an alliance with Brazil and Colorado-controlled Uruguay (the Triple Alliance. Argentina had previously tried to annex Uruguay, but installing Colorado party was practically same thing), and together they declared war on Paraguay. Reduced all of its borders. -
Period: to
Impressionism
Artist tries to convey an impression of how they felt during a specific time depicted. -
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
Fue un político, escritor, docente, periodista, militar y estadista argentino; presidente de la Nación Argentina entre 1868 y 1874. Es considerado como un gran prosista castellano. Colaboró tanto en la educación pública como en el progreso científico de su país. Fue anti-dicatador -
Period: to
Realismo
En España, el inicio realista coincidió con acontecimientos históricos capitales. Surgió hacia 1870, después de que se reprodujese la tardía revolución burguesa de 1830 en La Gloriosa de 1868, y tuvo su apogeo en la década de 1880 con autores como Pérez Galdós, Leopoldo Alas y Emilia Pardo Bazán. Focus on everyday experiences and conflicts such as marital woes. Characters were psychological studies -
Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer
considered the initiator of Modern Poetry, had a simple and intimate style: “ The dark swallows will return
To build their nests on your balcony
And once again with their wings on the glass
They will call you out to play.
But those that the flight deterred
Those who learned our names
Those…will not return!” -
Episodios Nacionales
Benito Pérez Galdós. Una magna crónica del siglo XIX tipica del realismo que recogía la memoria histórica de los españoles a través de su vida íntima y cotidiana, y de su contacto con los hechos de la historia nacional. Una obra compuesta por 46 episodios que arranca con la batalla de Trafalgar 1805 y llega hasta la Restauración borbónica en España 1874. -
Bento Perez Galdos
Realismo. Viaja por Europa como corresponsal de prensa, conociendo así corrientes literarias del momento como el realismo y el naturalismo. Su obra tiene influencias de los franceses Honoré de Balzac, Émile Zola, Gustave Flaubert y el inglés Charles Dickens, entre otros. Tratamiento coloquial del texto, recuperando recursos de la narrativa oral o el discurso familiar. Este ejercicio le granjeó a Galdós un puesto privilegiado entre las clases populares. -
Jose Marti
es considerado además el precursor del modernismo en Latinoamérica, un movimiento literario que explotaría en la región con Rubén Darío. Esto se observa especialmente en el prólogo que escribe en sus Versos libres, donde defiende el valor de la originalidad de la poesía nacida de las entrañas ("Éstos son mis versos. Son como son. A nadie los pedí prestados.") frente al metodismo de los poetas anteriores. -
Period: to
Modernismo
Iniciado en México en el ámbito de la poesía. Se caracterizó por una ambigua rebeldía creativa, un refinamiento narcisista (individualismo tal como realismo pero rechaso del "yo" poetico y importancia del autor tal como Parnasianismo) y aristocrático, el culturalismo literario y una profunda renovación estética del lenguaje y la métrica. Las pasiones internas, visiones, armonías y ritmos son expresadas en una música verbal rica y altamente estilizada. Art for art's sake. Exaggerated characters. -
Emilia Bazan
El prólogo de Un viaje de novios es importantísimo para comprender lo que significa el naturalismo en la obra de Emilia Pardo Bazán, así como la serie de artículos que publica entre 1882 y 1883 bajo el título de La cuestión palpitante, la del naturalismo, corriente literaria que dio a conocer en España. -
La Regenta
La Regenta es la primera novela de Leopoldo Alas «Clarín», En palabras de su autor, «fue escrita como artículos sueltos» que «según iba escribiendo iba mandando al editor». Gran parte de la crítica la ha considerado la obra cumbre de Clarín y de la novela española del siglo xix, la segunda de la literatura española (primera siendo el Quixote) y uno de los máximos exponentes del naturalismo. Fue censurado por Franco y otros Catolicos, super controversial. Dinamitan bustos de Clarin por eso. -
Manuel González Prada
Peruano. Hizo innovaciones que le han ganado el título de «Precursor del Modernismo americano». Se identificaba con los indigenas y obreros. Destacando por sus demoledoras críticas sociales y políticas, condensadas en Pájinas libres (1894) y Horas de lucha (1908), ensayos donde muestra una creciente radicalización de sus planteamientos. En particular, todavía se recuerdan sus furibundas críticas a los políticos que consideraba responsables de la derrota del Perú en la Guerra del Pacífico -
Lumiere Brothers Film Expo
First ever film expo in Spain. -
Generacion del 98
Spain's answer to Latin American modernismo. Spaniards wanted to renew society and they were concerned with the problems of Spain. With the loss of the last colonies in Cuba and The Philippines in 1898, Azorín, Baroja and Ramiro de Maeztu proposed radical solutions which became more moderate over time. Language is characterized by its simplicity, agility and communication. Joined by Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado and Valle- Inclán. -
Spanish-American War
US coopted Cuba's war for independence at the tail end when the Cubans were going to win anyway against the evil Spanish Weyler whose atrocities US yellow journalists hyped up to get US public behind war. US victory in the war produced a peace treaty to which Cuba was not even invited. Spanish relinquish claims on Cuba, cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines. The United States also annexed Hawaii during the conflict as a needed coaling station to continue expanding US empire. -
Ariel
José Enrique Rodó, fue un escritor y político uruguayo. Creador del arielismo, corriente ideológica basada en un aprecio de la tradición grecolatina en contra del individualismo gringo, sus obras expresaron el malestar finisecular hispanoamericano con un estilo refinado y poético, típico del modernismo. -
Period: to
Expressionism
Artist tries to express an emotion rather than cause an impression of a specific scene. -
Horacio Quiroga
Uruguayo. Fue uno de los maestros del cuento latinoamericano, de prosa vívida, naturalista y modernista. Sus relatos a menudo retratan a la naturaleza con rasgos temibles y horrorosos, como enemiga de las circunstancias del ser humano. Ha sido comparado con el escritor estadounidense Edgar Allan Poe. In book "El Hijo" a widower dotes on is only son who dies in a hunting accident. -
Ruben Dario
Modernista. Poesia «A Roosevelt», en el cual enaltece el carácter hispánico frente a la amenaza del imperialismo estadounidense. En particular, el segundo, dirigido al entonces presidente de Estados Unidos, Theodore Roosevelt: Eres los Estados Unidos, / eres el futuro invasor / de la América ingenua que tiene sangre indígena, / que aún reza a Jesucristo y aún habla en español. Pero, en 1906, escribió su poema «Salutación del águila», que ofrece una visión de Estados Unidos muy diferente. -
Period: to
Cubism
Subject matter is portrayed in geometric forms, especially cubes. -
Period: to
Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution, a long and bloody struggle (1.5 million killed) among several factions (including a few US invasions of Mexican sovereignty, Zapatistas, Villistas, comunistas, pro-Germans during WWI, etc) in constantly shifting alliances which resulted ultimately in the end of the 30-year dictatorship in Mexico and the establishment of a constitutional republic. -
Vicente Huidobro
Chilean poet who initiates creacionismo, a style in which a poem is a work of genesis created by the author for the sake of itself. -
Platero y Yo
Platero y yo es una obra del escritor español Juan Ramón Jiménez que recrea poéticamente la vida del asno Platero, su inseparable amigo de niñez y juventud. Es muy célebre el primer párrafo: Platero es pequeño, peludo, suave; tan blando por fuera, que se diría todo de algodón, que no lleva huesos. -
Segundo de Chomón
Fue un cineasta español. Destacó como director pionero del cine mudo y técnico de trucajes en películas como Cabiria (1914), de Giovanni Pastrone. Frecuentemente comparado con Méliès por su gran calidad técnica y creatividad, fue considerado uno de los grandes hombres del cine de su tiempo, siendo contratado por las más importantes empresas cinematográficas de la época, como la Pathé Frères o la Itala Films. -
Miguel de Unamuno
Generacion 98, modernista. En la época literaria que rodeaba al autor, se exigían rígidos patrones: una temática particular, líneas de tiempo, convencionalismos sociales. Y esto suponía a Unamuno un corsé del que pretendería desprenderse de alguna forma porque solo debería atender a las reglas que él mismo hubiese diseñado para su nuevo género llamado nivela en vez de novela. Así lo expresa en Niebla. San Miguel Bueno, Martir, faithful and faithless siblings discuss and change faith in church. -
Pío Baroja
Generation 98 modernist. Tree of Science, Zalacaín the Adventurer, and The Adventures of Shanty Andía of his novels stand out, the last two set in the Basque Country. Sencillez y economía expresiva: «El escritor que con menos palabras da una sensación es el mejor».
Impresionismo descriptivo: selecciona los rasgos significativos en vez de reproducir fotográficamente todos los detalles como es característico de los minuciosos y documentados narradores del realismo. Censurado por Franco. -
Alfonsina Storni
Modernista. En su poesía deja de lado el erotismo y aborda el tema desde un punto de vista más abstracto y reflexivo. Poem Peso Ancestral, a woman told that her ancestors never cried or complained cries a venomous tear. -
David Alfaro Siquieros
Fought in both Mexican Revolution (on side of Carranza) and on side of Republicans in Spanish Civil war. Marxist. Painted murals like Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco -
La raza cosmica
publicado por el académico mexicano José Vasconcelos Calderón, candidato presidencial en 1929. ideología de la «quinta raza» del continente americano, una aglomeración de todas las razas del mundo sin distinción alguna para construir nueva civilización (Universópolis) y gente del mundo entero transmitiendo su conocimiento. Según el autor, los habitantes de Iberoamérica tienen factores territoriales, raciales y espirituales para iniciar la «era universal de la humanidad». -
Generation of 27
owe their name to the third centenary of the death of the poet Góngora (1627), whose work they admired. Among them were Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti, Vicente Alexandre and Luis Cernuda. In his first period Garcia Lorca was known for his Flamenco Poetry and The Romancero Gitano. His poems were influenced by popular Andaluz lyricism: “Green, I love you greenGreen wind, Green branches
The boat on the sea
And the horse on the mountain.” Mix Spanish folk with European sophistication -
Nicolas Guillen
Afro-Cuban. National poet of revolutionary Cuba. -
Jose Clemente Orozco
Mexican muralist of Revolution themes. -
Period: to
Regionalismo
Literary movement in Americas to shun city life and depict scenes from "provincia." -
Federico Garcia Lorca
After a sojourn in New York City from 1929 to 1930, he returned to Spain and wrote his best-known plays, Blood Wedding (1932), Yerma (1934), and The House of Bernarda Alba (1936) critiques chastity as an object. Symbolism and surrealism. García Lorca was assassinated by Nationalist forces at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. His remains have never been found, and the motive remains in dispute; some theorize he was targeted for being gay (relationship with Salvador Dali), a socialist. -
Period: to
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War was fought between the Republicans and the Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, and consisted of various socialist, communist, separatist, anarchist, and republican parties. The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and traditionalists led by a military junta among whom General Francisco Franco quickly achieved a preponderant role. -
Period: to
España franquista
Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned autarky (self-reliance) to a new breed of economists, the technocrats of Opus Dei. This led to massive economic growth, second only to Japan, that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the "Spanish miracle". During the Cold War Franco was one of Europe's foremost anti-communist figures: his regime was assisted by the Western powers, particularly the United States. -
Period: to
Posguerra
Once the Civil War had finished, the novelists of the so-called post-war literary period appeared. Camilo José Cela, author of The Family of Pascual Duarte, introduced a new style of writing called “Tremendismo” (stark reality) in which reality is deformed to highlight the most unpleasant aspects of life. Miguel Delibes, with The Shadow of the Cypress Tree is Long, reflects the desolate post- war world; his characters appear disorientated, sad and frustrated. -
Period: to
Abstract Art
Transform subject into lines, colors, and shapes -
Camilo José Cela
Generation 36. Once the Civil War had finished, the novelists of the so-called post-war literary period appeared. Camilo José Cela, author of The Family of Pascual Duarte, introduced a new style of writing called “Tremendismo” (stark reality) in which reality is deformed to highlight the most unpleasant aspects of life. Cela was a loyal Francoist even though his books were banned by Franco. -
Gabriela Mistral
By 1945, Mistral was a household name. On November 15, 1945, she became the first Latin American to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. She wrote of Latin American identity similar to the raza cosmica idea. -
Miguel Delibes
Generation 36. With The Shadow of the Cypress Tree is Long, reflects the desolate post- war world; his characters appear disorientated, sad and frustrated. -
Ernesto Sabato
Wrote el Tunel. Phd in physics, existential crisis so became writer of psychological novels, hung out with surrealists in France. -
Pablo Neruda
Grew up poor. Published in exile from Chile a poetic history of entirety of Latin America focusing on flora, fauna, and working class called Canto General. -
Juan Rulfo
muestra tradiciones cristianas e indígenas presentando diversas situaciones socioeconómicas de pueblos con carencias, falta de oportunidades, soledad, guerra, relación entre la naturaleza y el hombre, formas de composición humana, ejemplos de relaciones entre el hombre y el mundo, realidades concretas y medioambientales. Father of magical realism. Book No Oyes Ladrar los Perros, father carries son with gun shot for robbing, have falling out even as he carries his eventual cadaver into town. -
Muerte de Un Ciclista
Juan Antonio Bardem (uncle of famous Javier Bardem) was able to lace social commentary with quotidian themes so that his commentary wouldn't be censured by Franco, as in this film. -
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Social Realism
From 1955, the Social Realism period became popular. Concrete social realities were dealt with and injustices denounced. The novels El Jarama by Rafael Sanchez Ferlosio and Between Lace Curtains by Carmen Martin Gaite stand out. -
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Experimental
The decade of the 60s was characterized by experimental literature, looking for a change and renewal in the way of writing. In 1962 Time of Silence by Luis Martin Santos was published, which became the starting point for this new era, made up of writers like Juan Goytisolo with Signs of Identity and Juan Benet with You Will Return to Region. -
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Latin American Boom
Garcia Marquez, Llosa, Cortazar, Fuentes. Push societal norms, mix languages, break genres. -
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Pop Art
Comment on traditional fine art conventions and values using popular culture and mass media images -
Luis Buñuel
Director de cine hispanomexicano. Uno de los cineastas más influyentes. Co-wrote España 1936 about Spanish Civil war. A pesar de los hitos cinematográficos logrados en su país natal con Viridiana (1961) y Tristana (1970), la gran mayoría de su obra fue realizada o coproducida en México y Francia, debido a sus convicciones políticas y a las dificultades impuestas por la censura franquista para filmar en España. Producia con Salvador Dali antes de la guerra civil para un toque surrealista. -
Jorge Luis Borges
Publishes Labyrinths in this year. Argentine. His work is modernist in some ways, existentialist in others, doesn't really fit a movement. He deals with unreality, meaning not only do his characters and situations not exist, they can't exist. Not just impossible, but impossible to think about, similar to MC Escher drawings. Very controversial, became more fascist as he aged. Hated Indigenous people. Total rejection of perceived reality, but embedded in a believable reality. -
First Film School in Spain
Established by Jose Maria Escudero during a time when Spain was merely the scenic landscape for other nations to shoot their films (a situation that continued from 1960 to 1980) -
Carlos Fuentes
Mexican LA BOOM author. Wrote Death of Artemio Cruz, about a dude on his bed thinking about his life. Moral is that Mexico will never be able to escape the demons of its past. Also wrote Chac Mool where idol comes to life with gross lotion and humanizes slowly, character dies drowning trying to escape him. -
Julio Cortazar
Argentine LA BOOM author. Wrote Blow Up and Other Stories which inspired Michelangelo Antonioni's film "Blow Up." Most famously he wrote Hop Scotch which is a choose your own adventure novel. You can start at the start, or on chapter 71, and then it tells you where to hop to next. After all the hopping, there are 99 expendable chapters that you never hop to. -
Gabriel Garcia Márquez
Published Cien años de soledad, or One Hundred Years of Solitude. The book, often referred to as a defining work of the Latin American Boom and magical realism made Márquez a prime candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, which he was awarded in 1982. -
Octavio Paz
In New Delhi, as Ambassador of Mexico to India, Paz completed several works, including El mono gramático and Ladera este. In 1968, Paz resigned from the diplomatic service in protest against the Mexican government's massacre of student demonstrators in Tlatelolco. After seeking refuge in Paris, he again returned to Mexico in 1969, where he founded his liberal magazine Plural. Had a disagreement over the Sandinistas with Carlos Fuentes, whom Paz opposed and Fuentes supported. -
Mario Vargas Llosa
Peruvian LA BOOM author. Wrote Conversation in the Cathedral which is a dialogue about two characters living under the Odria dictatorship of the 1950s. It is about trying to pinpoint the moment when Peru se jodio. Focus on unsurmountable class divides. -
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Postmodernism
Post WWII intellectual movement focusing on cultural pluralism and relativism and escape from confines of Western "high culture." -
Thomas Rivera
Tomás Rivera fue un autor, poeta y pedagogo chicano de Texas y California. Fue rector de Universidad de California en Riverside. Como autor, a Rivera se le recuerda por su novela corta ...y no se lo tragó la tierra, un monólogo interior al estilo de William Faulkner in which boy curses God and things go well for him. Puts on Devils mask to call devil, realizes there is no devil and questions his faith. -
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Operation Condor
Operation Condor was a formal system to coordinate repression among the countries of the Southern Cone that operated from the mid-1970s until the early eighties. It aimed to persecute and eliminate political, social, trade-union and student activists from Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil. Funds provided by US, and its School of the Americas trained death squads. -
Carmen Martin Gaite
Spanish folklorist -
Celia Cruz
Queen of salsa, Cruz's 1986 album, Ritmo En El Corazon, brought home her first career GRAMMY for Best Tropical Latin Performance at the 32nd GRAMMY Awards. -
Goya Awards (Spanish Oscars)
Only for Spain-based films, actors, directors. Provided legitimacy to Spain's film industry. -
Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro
Es una política y periodista nicaragüense, presidenta de Nicaragua. Fue la primera mujer en el continente americano en ser electa al cargo de presidenta de la República. -
Three Tenors
2 are Spaniards: Placido Domingo and Jose Carreras. The other, Pavarotti is Italian. -
El Dia de la Bestia
El día de la bestia es una película española de comedia-terror de 1995 coescrita y dirigida por Álex de la Iglesia. La película ganó un total de seis premios Goya. Uno de los logros de la película fue conquistar tanto a la crítica como al público, empleando el género de la llamada «comedia satánica» para desarrollar una particular mezcla de una historia delirante con una visión apocalíptica del fin de milenio. Anticristo en navidad. Rechazo de religion.