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Mazzini and his followers seized the Papal States
He proclaimed the Roman Republic. Mazzini was called the soul of unification -
Victor Emmanuel II becomes King of Sardinia-Piedmont
He retained his nation's liberal constitution and supported Cavour's policies. -
Cavour was appointed Prime Minister
During his reign, Cavour promoted industry, built railroads, improved agriculture, fostered education, and enlarged the army. These advancements strengthened the country. Cavour was known as the brain of unification. -
Ottoman Reform Edict
This proclemation gave equal rights to all citizens despite their ethnic group or religion. -
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Sardinia-Piedmont unifies Italy
Italy is unified through territorial annexations. -
Lombardy
France ceded to Sardinia-Piedmont. France agreed to help Sardinia if Austria declared war. So, Cavour provoked a war. It was known as the Austro-Sardinian war. France and Sardinia won the war, so Austria ceded Lombardy to Sordinia. After a plebicite, Sardinia ceded Nice and Savoy to France. Success caused nationalist revolts in Sardinia. -
The Duchies
People drove out their pro-Austrian rulers and voted for annexation to Sardinia Piedmont by plebiscites. -
The Papal States
Cavour ordered troops into the Papal states. The sardinians overran Italy. -
The Two Sicilies
Garibaldi helped Sicilian and French revolutionaries. He sailed with an army of 1,000 men called Red Shirts. Garibaldi soon gained control of the Two Sicilies. Garibaldi suggested that Two Siciliies became a part of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II. Italians voted in a plebiscite. -
Garibaldi conquered Two Sicilies
Garibaldi was a military leader and a friend of Mazzini. Garibaldi was known as the sword of unification. -
Victor Emmanuel II becomes King of Italy
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Cavour died
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Creation of Prussian Military Power
There was a request to the government to increase military funds, but it was shut down by the Prussian legislator. Yet, Bismarck ignored the lawmakers, violated the Prussian constitution and eventually governed as a dictator. He ad Moltke created a powerful Prussian military. -
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The Danish War
Bismarck created a war with Denmark over the Provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. Prussia and Austria easily defeated Denmark. Prussia and Austria co-owned the two provinces. -
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Austro-Prussian War
Bismarck wanted to end Austrian power in Germany. Most of the German states supported Austria because they were fearful of the Prussian domination. Prussia wanted the Italian-inhibited territory which was owned by Austria. So, Prussia became allies with Italy which allowed them to defeat Austria quickly. After the Austrians were defeated, by the treaty of peace, Schleswig-Holstein was annexed by Prussia. Venetia was given to Italy, and the Austrian dominated Germany was dissolved. -
Venetia
Italy and Prussia became allies after the seven weeks war. Italians invaded Venetia and were defeated. The prussians overwhelemed the Austrians and Venetia was ceded to Italy by a peace treaty -
Establishment of the North German Confederation
Bismarck annexed several north German States and compelled the remaining ones to join the north german confederation which was dominated by Prussia. Only 4 german states remained outside of the confederation, but they were tied to Prussia by defensive military lines. -
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Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck wanted a war with France so that southern germans would voluntarily merge into a Prussian controlled unified Germany. After Bismarck wrote the Ems Dispatch, Napoleon was offended and declared war upon Prussia, joined by the 4 south german states. Armies invaded France, destroyed the French forces, and overran the country. The treaty of Frankfurt gave Alsace and Lorraine, France payed Germany war indemnity, and consented to German military occupation until the indemnity was paid. -
Rome
Due to the Franco-Prussian War, France withdrew its troops in Rome that protected the pope. Italian forces took over the city. Rome was then annexed and became the capital of Italy. -
Establishment of the German Empire
During the Franco-Prussian war, the four south German states consented to Unification with Prussia. At the Palace of Versailles outside of Paris, Bismarck proclaimed William I as Kaiser of the German Empire. -
Last Romanov Czar gave up power
The last Czar gave up power because he created a policy, called Russification, that forced all ethnic groups to follow russian culture. This policy strengthened ethnic nationalistic feelings, therefore, helping disunify Russia. The Czar could not maintain power after WWI.