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CONGRESS OF VIENNA
Treaty of Vienna (restored old empires) and gave Austria direct rule of Lombardy and Venetia. -
CREATION OF GEMAN CONFEDERATION
(GERMAN UNIFICATION)
Creation of the German Confederation under the presidency of Austria. Prussia and Austria were the two most powerful German states. Traditionally Austria was recognised as the most important. There was a strong popular movement for unification but neither Austria nor Prussia was prepared to allow it happen. -
NACIONALIST REVOLTS
Intellectual movement characterised by the developement of nationalism through the arts.
Political Nationalism developing through the growth of secret nationalist societies e.g. Carbonari.
Naples Revolt 1820 rebelled against spain and forced a constitution but was restored to power after Austrian Military intervened.
Piedmont Revolt 1820 Led to civil war but failed. -
FAILURE OF PAPAL STATES REVOLT
Papal States Revolt 1830 failed due to Austrian aidIt was clear to nationalists that uncoordinated carbonari movements were not strong enough.nter bullet point -
''YOUNG ITALY''
Mazzini forms ‘Young Italy’.This group was one of the first to successfully spread unification ideas across the Italian city-states. The nationalist movement started by Young Italy helped spark more organized and successful revolutions within the Italian city-states. -
INCREASING MOMENT TOWARDS UNIFICATION
Inter-state trade barriers removed with the setting up of the “Zollverein”. Austria excluded from this organisation. This economic agreement helped to increase the momentum towards unification. Railways brought the German states within hours of one another and economic development made Germany one of the leading industrial powers of the time. -
NEW POPE
New Pope. Pope Pius IX was prepared for limited concessions but was not committed to reform.First act was to release hundreds of political prisoners. -
TIME FOR REVOLUTIONS
Palerma, Sicily revolt resulted in the defeat of Ferdinand I (Spanish) forces
Charles Albert (King of Sardinia) declared war on Austria.
Papal states revolt resulted in battle to overthrow Pope Pius who fled. A republic under Mazzini was established with Garibaldi as its defender. However french troops marched to restore the pope. In Naples, Ferdinand I used the chaos to recover his authority by bombing Sicilian towns. -
ATTEMPT FOR GERMAN UNIFICATION
An attempt to set up a unified Germany failed when the King of Prussia refused to accept the title of German Emperor. Most Germans preferred a loose confederation under the control of the traditionally strongest German power, Austria. -
CHARLES ALBERT DEFETED
Charles Albert Was defeated in 1849, and abdicated in favour of Victor Emmanuel II (his son) -
CAVOUR PRIME MINISTER
Cavour became the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia -
MILITARY EXPANSION
During the 1850 the Prussian army was gretely increased in size and recognized. -
CRIMEAN WAR
Crimean War - Victor Emmanuel II was eager to involve Sardinia with France + the UK in the war against Russia -
PARIS CONFERNECE AND CRIMEAN WAR FINISHED
Paris Conference -At the Paris conference 1856 Cavour drew attention to Italy leading to the Pact of Plombieres 1858.
Also by the time of 1856 the Crimean War was ended -
PACT OF PLOMBIERS
Napoleon III would support Italy to drive out Austria, in return for the territories of Savoy and Nice.
Cavour provoked war with Austria in a way that suggested neither France nor Sardinia was at fault.France stepped in to stop Austria invading. At battle of Magenta and Solferno most of Lombardy was liberated.Cavour employed Garibaldi as a guerrilla captain.Piedmont did not secure Venetia. Napoleon III made an Armistice at Villafranca.
Cavour Resigned -
NEW DEAL
Cavour and Napoleon III struck another deal and agreed that if the Duchies were allowed to unite with Sardinia, france would receive Savoy and Nice. Napoleon III agreed on condition that it was what the people wanted. The results of the Plebiscite (the referendum) showed that people ere in favour. Since France supported it, Austria couldn't do anything. Savoy + Nice were transferred to French rule.
Cavours actions alienated many nationalist idealists + non piedmontese (inspired by Mazzini). -
ITALY UNIFIED
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel claimed that a unified Italy had been established, and a new constitution was created with Emmanuel as head of state. The new flag, which had been used throughout the unification revolts and independence battles, is pictured aboce and is still in use today. -
CAVOUR DEATH
Three months after the 1861 unifiaction cavour die -
BISMARCK MINISTER PRESIDENT OF PRUSSIA
As a result of a political crisis in Prussia over the length of military service, Bismarck was appointed Minister President of Prussia. His main objective was to make Prussia and not Austria the dominant power in Germany. -
1863-1866
A period of complex diplomacy. -
AUSTRO-PRUSIAN INVASION
An Austrian-Prussian invasion of Schleswig-Holstein led to the end of Danish control of these provinces. Prussia gained a lot of support especially among German nationalists who wanted to see these provinces come under German control. -
1864-1866
Bismarck diplomacy isolated Austria from Italian and french help and then in 1866 provoked it into war and swift military defeat -
AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR
Bismarck of Prussia persuaded Italy to ally her in a war against Austria with promise of gaining Venetia. Lost and humiliated but still gained Venetia.
Napoleon III withdrew troops from Rome, only to return them when Garibaldi tried again. -
RELATIONS BREACK DOWN
Relations between Austria and Prussia broke down over the control of Schleswig- Holstein.
Bismarck secured Italian support and French neutrality
Austria was decisively defeated at the battle of Sadowa (Koniggratz).
While the southern states e.g. Baden, Bavaria remained independent; -
FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
Franco-Prussian war caused the permanent withdrawal of French troops from Rome, and as a result Rome fell. Finally Rome became part of the Kingdom of Italy -
QUEEN ISABELLA FORCED TO ABBDICATE
After a coup in Spain, Queen Isabella was forced to abdicate. -
ITALY WAS FINALLY UNIFIED
Rome and venetia now are part of the italy kindom and finall unifiaction was done. The italian kindom as we now it today
