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Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII's reign
He was the son of the first Tudor king, Henry VII. He is one of the most emblematic kings of England history. -
1534
Act of Supremacy/ the Break with Rome
The King became "Supreme Head of the Church of England", the few years that followed , the power and the authority of both the clergy and the pope were diminished. The king detained now all of this power. It is called the Schism. -
Period: 1536 to 1541
The dissolution of the monasteries
After Henry qualified monasteries of bastions of popery, the Crown disbanded them and took away their land and income. -
1537
Pilgrimage of Grace
They were rebellions that took place for 6 months in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. The insurgents (common people, gentry, clergy) were against the Restoration, the dissolution (that stopped because of it) -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Edward VI's Reign
He was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour ( One of the six wives of Henry VIII) -
1549
Publication of the Book of Common Prayer
It was the new mass-book, that tend to protestantism and eradicted catholic roman church practicies. It was imposed in parishes, as well as the english services that replaced the one in Latin. It led to the rebellions in Cornwall and Devon. -
Period: 1553 to 1558
Mary I's Reign/ Restoration of Catholicism
She was the first queen to ever rule in England, and the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She was married to Phillip II of Spain, wich was Catholic ans helped to restored catholicism in 18 months. She was called "Bloody Mary", and not very appriciated by the people because of the severity of her actions toward protestants. -
Period: 1558 to
Queen Elizabeth I's Reign
She was the daughter of Henry VIII's and Ann Boleyn. She stayed unmarried while trying to prove her legitimacy to the throne as a young queen. Her reign is known as the Golden Age of England. -
1559
The Act of Uniformity
It was a part of the new legislation of Elizabeth I. It concerned religious belief and said that the Book of Common Prayer was mandatory in every parish, and people had the obligation to attend Anglican services, if not they were fined. -
1559
Act of Supremacy
A part of the new legislation under Queen Elizabeth's reign. It was relevent for the organisation of the Church. Indeed the queen became "supreme governor of the Church of England" while restoring her authorithy over the Church and the Pope. -
1563
The 39 articles of faith
For 8 years the articles were passed. They stated the religious belief of the Church, includinng a new ecclesiology, a new doctrine of Salvation and a new definition of the mass and sacraments.
It's crucial given that it's still in use today. -
1569
The Northern Rebellions
6 000 insurgents led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland, were rebelling against religious form, trying to replace Queen Elizabeth by her cousin Mary,Queen of Scots. Wich was indeed, a catholic and it was beleived by Rome and catholics that she should be the legitimate queen of England. -
1570
The excommunication of Elizabeth
The Pope Pius V decide to excommucate Queen Elizabeth. He issued a Papall Bull, talking about her in a very harsh way, treating her of an heretics and "so-call queen". -
Period: 1577 to
Repression of Catholics
In 26 years of time, 163 persons were killed. -
1581
The 1581 Act
" Act to retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due Obedience"
Any person already converted or converting to Catholicism were condamned of death penalty, the Catholic Mass was now forbiden and instead the Anglican services were compulsory. -
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Mary Stuart was the daughter of Mary de Guise and King James V of Scotland. Elizabeth decided to execute her cousin after 19 years of imprisonment because she was a threat. In fact she was involved in many plots with Catholics in order to put her on the throne instead of Queen Elizabeth. Indeed for many Catholics she was the legitimate heir and represented an hope for Catholics.
When she was executed she wore a red dress, wich is very significant because it's the colour of catholics martyrs. -
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
As a response to the plots the King of Spain supported against her, as well to support protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch revolt against them. What soon followed is an attempt to invade England by the King of Spain, wich conclude poorely for him. -
The Poor Laws
They were very harsh laws, published also earlier in 1553 and 1597, thoward beggars and vagrants. Indeed it established a crucial difference between the "deserving poor" and and the "undeserving poor", it also established the idea that the government has a responsability to help those people. -
Period: to
James I's Reign
He was also King James VI of Scotland, since 1567.
He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots.
Catholics put high hopes on him since he was the son of a late catholic queen. -
The Gunpowder Plot
It's a conspiracy that was lead by a small group of Catholics that intented to kill James I and blow up the Parliament. -
Settlement in Virginia
Virginia, named after the Queen Elizabeth nickname: "the Virgin Queen" , became the first english settlement in North America, starting in Jamestown( names after James I). It's crucial because it's the start of the colonial empire of the 17th and 18th centuries. -
the Great Contract
A proposition of reform submitted by King James I in the attempt of getting rid of debt by increasing the Crown's incomes. But the Parliament voted against it and it didn't happened. -
King James' Bible
A new traduction of the English bible, wich was the major changement of the Millenary Petition. -
Period: to
The Thirty Years' War
A war in wich England faced France and Spain. But England knew few defeats and it had consequences on the local population, as well as the finances of the Crown. -
the Parliament agreement to finance war on Spain
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Period: to
Charles I's Reign
He was the second son of James I King of England, and favoured the Arminians, a minor wing of Anglicanism. -
Petition of Rights
The members of the Parliament wanted King Charles to recognize the limits of his power, especially condidering the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law and imprisonment without trial. The King eventually signed the petition but wasn't pleases with it and as a response suspended parliament seating. -
The Three Resolutions
They were passed by the Parliament, and from then anyone trying to alter the protestants forms of the Church of England (Popery, Arminianism) as well as the one thatwould advise the King to collect without Parliament's consent, custom duties.
But Charles dissolved parliament and imprisoned the members of the Parliament, because from his point of view it was an act of defiance.
It signed the start of the "Personal Rule" since he declared there would be no more parliaments. -
Period: to
Personal Rule
It's also called "The Eleven Years of Tyranny". During this time, the King rules without the Parliament. -
Period: to
the Scotish Crisis
Rebellions, known as the Bishops Wars took place after the introduction of the new Book of Common Prayer.
There was petition in order to opposite Charles' religious policy .
It led to Charles' call for a Parliament, two times. In fact it ended the Personal Rule. -
The Grand Remonstrance
It's an important document voted by Parliament, summarizing the wrong doing of Charles I with demands qualified as "revolutionary". Including:
- the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers
- the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
- the right for Parliament to reform the Church
In the end it created a radical fragmented separation, that divided the Parliament between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists. -
The Irish Rebellion
It's an armed revolt, from Irish Catholics against Protestant settlers that would took they land way for their own profit. It's was a bloody massacre, with between 3 000 and 4000 Protestants that died.
After that, the Parliament passed the Militia Act: the army is placed under the control of a general that the Parliament itself would decide of. -
Period: to
English Civil Wars
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King Charles I declaration of war on Parliament.
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Period: to
First Civil War
The First Civil War killed 190 000 Englishmen, and opposed the Royalists to the Parliamantarians. It ended with the Royalists and the King's surrender. What led the Parliamentarians to winning was in most part The New Model army created in 1644, -
The King Charles I's evasion
Charles escaped from the cutody of the army, searching to allied himself with the Scots. In fact, in return of the invasion of England by the scottish army and his restoration to power, he promised to introduce Presbyterianism into England.
It led to the Second Civil War because it upset the Parlement. -
Pride's Purge
The Army wanted the King to be tried (poursuivi en justice), conservative MPs wanted to negotiate with the King
PRIDE’S PURGE (Dec 1648): Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs.
The remainder MPs (named the Rump Parliament = le Parlement Croupion) put the King on trial for high treason -
Period: to
The Second Civil War
The Second Civil War was made of a series of revolts in the South of England, Wales and Scotland.
The Royalists were easily defeated by Cromwell -
England declared as Commonwealth
It happened after the abolution of the House of Lord and the Monarchy. England was then ruled as a republic. -
Period: to
The Commonwealth
It was ruled by Cromwell, who was Lord Protector. -
Period: to
The Interregnum
It's a period of instability, the gab between two kings.
During that time, many experiments with forms of gorvernment, especially republican took place. -
King Charles I' execution
it's a Regicide! -
The Instrument of Government
It's the only and the first ever written consitution of England. -
Period: to
the Cromwellian Protectorate
It was a military dictatorship that was close to a monarchy that wouldn't have a king. One of the notorious success of that period is the war against Catholic Spain. -
Dissolution of the Ramp Parliament
After an increasing amount of problems Cromwell decided to dissolve the Parliament. We can mention for example, their slow progress with electoral reform. -
the Declaration of Breda
It was initiated by Charles II, this declaration promised a general amnesty, the continuaton of religious toleration, and the share power with Parliament in return of the restauration of monarchy.
It's as well the Restauration of the King -
Period: to
Charles II's Reign
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Outbreak of Plague
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Great Fire of London
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The Popish Plot
It's a rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II. -
The Exclusion crisis
It lasted two years, the Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English Throne. As a result the King disolved the Parliament. -
Period: to
James II's Reign
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The Glorious Revolution
Parliament invited the King’s son in law, to invade England and to take place on the throne.
He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance, and that peace gave the name Glorious to that event.
James II fled to France and William became King William III . -
Period: to
Mary II's Reign
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Period: to
William III's and Mary II's Reign
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The Bill of Rights
Lists King James’ misdeeds:
Fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers, Set out the rights of Parliament, Set out basic civil rights -
The Act of Settlement
t settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs, it gave the Hanoverian descendants of James I the first place in the succession. -
Period: to
Annes' Reign
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Act of Union between England and Scotland
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland -
Period: to
George I's Reign
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Period: to
The Georgian Era
It's a time period were several king from the House of Brunswick rules. -
Jacobite Rising
This rising was led by the “Old Pretender” James Francis Edward Stuart (the son of James II). ( image of him) -
Period: to
George II's Reign
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Jacobite rising
The 1745 Jacobite Rising was led by the “Young Pretender” Bonnie Prince Charlie (the grandson of James II). It was the last one since they were defeated. -
The defeat of Jacobite
The bloody battle of Culloden marked the final defeat for the Jacobites. -
Seven Years' War
Britain gained Florida over the Spanish and (most of) Canada over the French. It's an important war for the settlement of English colonies. It lasted 7 years. -
Period: to
George III's Reign
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Period: to
American War of Independance
The British nation lost within that war a great part of the colonies. It signed the end of the First English Empire. -
Declaration of Independance
The United States declared themselves independant while in war with Elgland in order to gain their freedom. -
Treaty of Paris
In it , Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States. After several years of war. -
French Revolutionnary Wars
For nine Years, Britain went at war with France, they supported the same battle with a revolutionary ideology and motives of both colonial and economic order. -
Irish Rebellion
It's an uprising against British rule in Ireland. it was influenced by the ideas of the American and the French revolutions. They were defeated but very brutal actions took place. -
Second act of Union
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England and Scotland) and Ireland