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Period: 37 to 40
The Scottish Crisis
When Charles I, introduced the New Prayer Book, it set Scotland to flames as protestant features where changed. It led to violent riots that would turn to a widespread rebellion known as the Bishops’ Wars -
1534
Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. For the duke, his marriage was dull. Due to the fact, that Catherine of Aragon ex-husband was the King’s brother. The King needed the Pope’s approval to end his marriage. The Pope refused, it led to the Act of Supremacy which led to the creation of Anglican Church and made Henry VIII, Supreme Head of the Church of England. -
1536
Destruction of small Monasteries
For Henry the VIII, the monasteries had to be destroyed because it was connected to the Pope power. The king, started by disbanded them, took their incomes and lands. Finally, he destroyed them, nuns and monks had nowhere to live since they were living in those monasteries. -
1537
Pilgrimage of Grace
The dissolution of monasteries were interrupted by rebellions in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. In fact, common people, gentry, monks clergy, during 6 months, rebelled for the restoration of the Pope and were against the destruction of the monasteries and Reformation. Tudor monarch had never faced such rebellions. -
1547
The reign of Edward VI
Edward VI, son of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn, was on 9 years old when he became King. He was a protestant, therefore, under his reign measures were taken. Such as the suppression of Roman Catholic practices and the permission of the clergy to marry. -
1547
The death of Henry VIII and his succession
When Henry VIII died, he had 3 children, Edward VI, who he had with Jane Seymore, Mary I, who he had with Catherine of Aragon and Elizabeth I who he had with Ann Boleyn. His first successor is Edward VI, therefore he became the King of England. -
1549
The Book of Common Prayers
King Edward VI, took protestant measures, such as the revision of the mass-book was turned into the Book of Common Prayer, Roman Catholicism features were rewritten. -
1553
Reign of Mary the first
After Edward VI death, Mary I became the Queen of England at the age of 37 years old. She was the first Queen Regnant and unlike her father and step-brother, Mary I was a fierce Roman Catholic. Moreover, within 18 months she restored Catholicism, she cancelled the Protestant legislation. Yet, because of her marriage with Phillip II of Spain, of which many people were against it made her popularity declined very rapidly. -
1555
Bloody Mary
During the reign of Mary I, people used to call the Queen, “Bloody Mary”, Protestants were persecuted and they were not allowed to practice their religion, they had to hide. If you were caught, you had to be burned alive, over 200 Protestants went to the stake. -
1558
Reign of Elizabeth the first
After her step-sister’s death, Elizabeth I, became the new Queen of England. She was only 25 years old and she had to prove her legitimacy has a Queen since she was the daughter of Ann Boleyn. Elizabeth I was a sincere protestant, so she wanted to return to a kind of Protestantism. -
1559
The Act of Supremacy
The Church organisation has been changed by a new legislation made by the Queen, the Act of Supremacy, who abolished the Pope’s authority, restored the authority of the Queen over the Church. The Queen became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. -
1559
Act of Uniformity
The Act of Uniformity, made every parish use the Book of Common Prayers. It also stated that people who weren’t attending Anglican service were fined. -
1563
The 39 articles of faith
This act, eformed the conception of the Church, the doctrine of salvation and the definition of sacrements and mass. -
1569
The Northern Rebellion
There was indeed opposition from the Catholics, during that rebellions, there were 6000 participants. They attempt to replace the Queen by Mary Queen of Scots. Nonetheless that rebellions didn’t succeed. -
1570
The Pope excommunicated the Queen of England
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1570
The Pope excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I
The Pope Pius V decided to excommunicates Elizabeth I, because for him, she wasn’t the “true queen”, since her parent’s marriage wasn’t approved by the Pope. Even more, Elizabeth I, took the Pope powers with the Act of Supremacy. This excommunication gives catholics a reason to kill the Queen, since she was already excommunicated. -
1571
The Treason Act
The treason forbidden anyone to say that Elizabeth I was not the true Queen of England. -
1581
Repression of Catholics
The 1581 Act, provided death to any persons converting to Catholicism. Participation or celebration of the Catholic Mass was forbidden. About 163 persons were killed during that repression in 26 years -
The execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Mary Queen of Scots was the Queen’s cousin, she stayed in a shelter closed from the Queen for 19 years, because she was involved in a civil war in Scotland in 1568. Mary Queen of Scots was a threat to Elizabeth as she was her legitimate heir. Mary Queen of Scots relations to Spain and France endangered the English kingdom. Catholics saw in her hope of a return to Catholicism.
Mary Queen Scots was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death. -
The Defeat if the Spanish Armada
The king of Spain, Philip II, tried to invade England, because the Queen Elizabeth supported Protestantism and the Dutch revolt against Spain. Unfortunately, the Spanish Armada lost against England. That loss was indeed beneficial for England, it led to a national cohesion, it affirmed the the power of the Queen and more importantly English people thought that the storm who caused the defeat of the Spanish Armada was sent by God, therefore England had a divine protection -
The Reign of James I of England
Elizabeth I died in 1603, her heir was the son of her cousin Mary Queen of Scots, James IV of Scotland. -
Gunpowder Plot
Catholics hoped that James I would make England return to Catholicism as he was the son of Queen Mary of Scots. He kept the Elizabethan laws, so a small group Group of Catholic planned the “Gunpowder Plot” which aim was to blow up Parliament and kill James I. They failed. -
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The Thirty Years’War
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Charles I
James I died, his heir was Charles I, he became King. He believed in the Divine right of Kings, was married to a catholic French princess, but most importantly he viewed criticism as form of challenge to his authority. -
Petition of Rights
Petition of Rights, Charles I illegally collect custom duties and resorted to forced loans, people who refused to pay were imprisoned. The MP’s denounced all his wrong doings and wanted him to reconfinas the illegality of it, Charles signed it but he suspended parliament seating as they were talking about killing Lord Buckingham. -
Glorious Revolution
William of Orange, the king son-in-law invade and seize the crown with the help of the parliament. His army was composed of 15,000 men and easily defeated the King’s army and he became, the king of England, King William III. Is the glorious revolution because no one died. -
The Three resolutions
Those documents declared that whoever tried to bring Popery or Arminianism or tried to alter the Protestant forms of the Church was ennemy. It also declared that anyone advising the King to collect duties without the Parliament was a ennemy. It is an act of defiance, those MP’s were imprisoned. The King did no longer rule with the Parliament. -
The Short Parliament
Charles I called Parliament for the first time in 11 years to obtain money to fight the Scots. Nonetheless, members wanted the king to address the grievances first, so the king eventually dissolved Parliament three weeks later. -
The Irish Rebellion
James I passed an a plantation policy where English and Scottish Protestants colons could take the lands of Catholics.
It ended up as a massacre 3000 protestants died. -
Militia act
Parliament passed the militia act, which claimed that the Parliament had the right to appoint the general of the army without the King’s approval. -
Grand Remonstrance
The Grand remonstrance was a document voted by parliament which summarize the wrongdoings of Charles I and demand : The rights of the house of commons to choose the kings ministers, the rights of parliament to control any army sent to Ireland and the right of parliament to reform the church. The text divided parliament between the parliamentarians and Royalists. -
Charles I irruption in the House of Commons
Charles I went to the House of Commons with military troops and tried to arrest members, he suspected five members of plotting against the Queen. -
Start of the war
Charles I formally declared war on Parliament -
Period: to
First Civil War
190 000 people died during the war and from diseases.
The parliamentarians won the war, they had more money than the royalists. They had an alliance with Scotland and a new model military led by Sir Thomas and Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell. -
The New Model Army
In May 1646, Charles surrendered to the Scots and the House of Commons disbanded the New model army without paying them. The new model army seized the King. It encouraged Religious and Political radicalism. -
Second Civil War
The King escaped from the new model Army custody and made an Alliance with the Scots.
That horrified the Parliaments and led to the second civil war. It was very short as the Royalist were defeated by Cromwell, in The South of England Wales and Scotland. -
Pride’s Purge
The Army wanted the King to be tried, the Colonel Pride went in the House of Commons and arrested the 45 conservative leaders MP’s and the rest of the members put the King on trial for high treason -
The Death of Charles I
The Execution of the King Charles I 1649, Charles the first was executed and later on in March 1649 monarchy and House of Lords was and England was declared a commonwealth. -
The 1649 law
That law abolished monarchy and declared that the House of Commons had supreme authority. England was declared a commonwealth related as a republic. -
Charles II’s reign
Charles II, became king of Scotland, he tried to invade England but was defeated by Cromwell in 1650. -
Period: to
The Interregnum
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Period: to
The Common Wealth
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The end of Commonwealth
The Rump parliament was dissolved as the Rump Parliament was slow into getting electoral reforms. Moreover, Army starting to get irritated the Rump Parliament. But in December it was the end of the commonwealth and the start of the protectorate -
The Instrument of Government
The protectorate which was a military dictatorship, declared that Cromwell was the lead protector, he had the executive power controlled the military and diplomacy. -
Period: to
Cromwellian Protectorate
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The End of Protectorate
Cromwell died in 1658, therefore, his son Richard became the New Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months. Which left England in a total anarchy. -
Declaration of Breda
In this text Charles II promised a general amnesty a religious toleration and to share power with parliament if there was the restoration of monarchy. It worked the king was restored. -
Act of Uniformity
Charles the second did not keep his promised as he passed, the act of uniformity ,which made all ministers to swear to conform to the book of common prayer. The act also required the presence of the bishop inside of the house of the Lords. He also passed a 5 mile Act which implemented fines for anyone not attending conformist meeting and it required everyone to swear in oath of non-resistance to the king. -
Domestic and Foreign disasters
Under Charles II reign, a 2nd Anglo-Ditch war emerged, in 1665 there was an outbreak of Plague andin 1666 there was the Great Fire London. -
Period: to
The Exclusion crisis
Parliament didn’t not wanted James II as the successor of the throne so they wanted to debar him. Charles ended up dissolving the Parliament. -
James II reign
Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II -
Toleration Act
It is established religious pluralism and freedom of worship for all Protestants. -
The Bill of Rights
The document fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers : Parliament had to consent to new laws, Parliament gained control of the finances and over the army. No Catholic was the inherit the throne. It set out to the right of Parliament, it set out the basic civil rights and it is a key political text. The king acts as head of states but his power limited by law. -
Act of Settlement
The text ensured the protestant succession ignoring Catholic heir. The successes were the Hanoverian descendants of James the first. They had a major role in the formation of the kingdom of great Britain. -
Act of Union
This act of Union, created the United Kingdom of Great Britain which is composed of England, Wales and Scotland.