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Civil Disobedience
-a public, nonviolent, conscientious, yet political act, contrary to law, usually done with the aim of bring about change in the law or policies of the government
-Thoreau says the best government will not govern in Civil disobedience.
-The government is best which governs least. Moral responsibility. -
Black Codes
-Prevented blacks from serving in state militias
-Prohibited interracial marriage between whites and blacks
-Mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks -
13th Amendment
-adopted in 1865, eight months after the civil war ended, the amendment forbade slavery in the U.S.
-Took Lincoln’s Executive and made it a fix on the Constitution.
-The definition of the 13th amendment is Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. -
14th Amendment
-Declared that all persons born were citizens, that all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race, and their rights were protected by due process of the law.(1868)
-Southern States were required to sign off on it before they were allowed back in to the U.S.
-No person was allowed to be deprived of life, liberty,or property without "due process of law." -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
-Type of farming in which former slaves farmed others land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop.
-both white and black people did sharecropping
-they get farming supplies by trade using crops -
15th Amendment
-one of three amendments to the U.S. Constitution passed during the era of Reconstruction, granted African American men the right to vote.(1870)
-This didn’t stop “tests” from being put into place to limit voting.
-Black codes - laws passed by southern states that prevented voting, restricted freedom, & encouraged debt & low wages -
Jim Crow Laws
-Mandated separate facilities for whites and blacks
-Black facilities usually worse
-Jim Crow laws : laws put into place to separate African American from the Anglo population; form of social and political control -
Plessy v. Ferguson
-Supreme court case that violated the 14th amendment ; jim crow laws were set up because of this
-A court case that started the Jim Crow Laws and was taken all the way to the Supreme Court.
-legitimized segregation under "jim crow" laws -
19th amendment
-June 4, 1919 declared in force by the secretary of state August 26 1920
-guaranteed women the constitutional right to vote
-consistent with the values and goals of Progressivism because it expanded democracy -
20th amendment
-Lame-Duck period shortened for federal officials
-Presidential terms, Sessions of Congress
-Beginning Congressional term January 3rd -
Federal Housing Authority
-Established by FDR during the depression in order to provide low-cost housing coupled with sanitary condition for the poor
-insured millions of long-term mortgages issued by private banks and built thousands of units of low-rent housing
-created in part by the National Housing Act of 1934. It sets standards for construction and underwriting and insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. -
Desegregation
-By Executive Order, President Truman ended segregate in the military
-More than a million served
-Tuskegee Airman - First black Marine Corps troops -
Brown v. Board
-Segregation psychologically damaging to back children
-Public-school segregation unconstitutional
- “Separate but equal” inherently unequal -
Rosa Parks
-United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery
-worked closely with Martin Luther King Jr. in the Montgomery Bus Boycotts
-The boycott was organized prior to Parks’s arrest -
Orville Faubus
-Governor of Arkansas
-Best Known for his stand in the desegregation of Little Rock High School where he ordered Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from entering the school
-President Eisenhower sent the U.S. Army to escort the students to and from school for a year -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-End with SCOTUS case Browder v Gayle that said segregated buses were unconstitutional
-A major victory for the civil rights movement
-Segregation on buses ended in Montgomery -
Civil rights Act of 1957
-first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction
-Protected voting rights
-Prevented interference in voting -
Sit-ins
-Most well known sit-ins happened in Greensboro North Carolina
-4 University student who sat at a ‘whites only’ counter and were refused serviced’ refused to leave until the store closed
-Some sit-ins received violent reactions from segregationists -
Nonviolent Protest
-Investigation, negotiation, gain publicity, demonstration.
-The Southern Leadership Conference adopted which policy in the handling of civil rights activism
- “Nonviolence is fine as long as it works," Malcolm X once said -
Affirmative Action
-an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women
-Steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded.
-affirmative action start in march 1961, when John F. Kennedy created the EEOc which required projects that were financed with federal funds to 'take affirmative action' -
Cesar Chavez
-fought for worker's rights and created an organization called the United Farm Workers of Americans to request pay and safe working conditions
-obstacles of Cesar Chavez
being a migrant worker, going on strike to get better working conditions
-Cesario worked on a farm in Mexico.
He was treated like a slave there. -
Betty Friedan
- the name of the book she published in 1963 isThe Feminine Mystique
- Friedan compare suburban women to Prisoners of a nazi concentration camp
- Friedan's book do is changed the lives of many american women
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24th Amendment
-Prevents Congress & the states from requiring a poll before you can vote
-Poll tax - money that you must pay to register to vote. You would be unable to vote if you had not registered and paid first
-Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia had accumulative poll tax. This meant that you had to pay all missed payments from previous years -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Legislation that banned discrimination in all public facilities.
-passed after the 1963 "March on Washington" where "I have a dream" took place. Banned Discrimination in any area open to the public. Empowered justice dept. to file suit against offenders.
-This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. -
Upward Bound
-college preparation for poor teenagers, Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
-A government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success.
-provide educational assistance to lower-income Americans so they can be successful in school and qualify for better jobs -
Veteran Rights Act of 1965
-Outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars to several southern states
-To ensure African Americans could exercise their right to vote
-authorized federal gov. to oversee voting procedures if: less than 50% of pop. registered to vote, or literacy tests were used to discourage voting. Federal agents could register voters. This was a state function under the constitution -
Head Start
-Part of the 1965 War on Poverty initiatives, provides comprehensive programs to families living in poverty. Including: education, health, and wellness, and nutrition services.
-The 1994 expansion of Head Start services that targets pregnant women and infants.
-"school readiness" program for economically disadvantaged preschoolers, emphasizing language, social skills, focusing attention, goal-directed activities that predict academic achievement -
Lester Maddox
-Governor of Georgia
-Former restaurant owner who refused to serve Blacks
-Ran for governor though he had not held a public office before -
Thurgood marshall
-first African American Supreme Court Justice
-distinguished lawyer
-Argued and won Brown v Board of Education -
Martin Luther King Jr.
- was an African-American clergyman who advocated social change through nonviolent means. -was arrested for protesting -leader of The American Civil Rights movement.
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Lynching
-When a group of white people go on a rampage/riot and go beat/kill minorities.
-By the end of the Civil War this had changed into a way to control the black population, mainly in the south.
-The last documented lynching was Michael Donald in 1980 -
26th Amendment
-Prohibits the Federal government & the States from denying the ability to vote based on age - thus lowering the voting age to 18(it had been 21)
-The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
-Proposed on March 23, 1971 -
George Wallace
-Governor of Alabama
-Ran for U.S. President 4 times
-Pro-segregationist -
Title IX
-1972. Schools must offer equal opportunities for women and men, if that school recieves federal funds.
-No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance
-Demonstrated that when laws challenge the ideas and lifestyles of people with power, the legitimacy and enforcement of those laws will be questioned -
Hector P. Garcia
-a mexican american physician
-Hector P. Garcia fight in WW2
-Hector Garcia was an army veteran from Texas who organized the American G.I. Forum, which was an organization that fought against the unfair treatment of Mexican Americans. He was a physician and a political activist
