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1509
Beginning of Henry VIII's reign
Henry VIII ascends the throne after the death of his father, Henry VII, and he marries Catherine of Aragon. -
1517
Martin Luther and the "95 Theses"
The book played an important role at that time because it challenged the Catholic Church, particularly on the issue of indulgences. -
Period: 1527 to 1533
The "Great Matter" of Henry VIII's divorce
Henry VIII seeks to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, leading to a break with the Roman Catholic Church. -
1534
Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England, breaking officially away from Roman Catholicism. -
1536
Act of Union with Wales
Wales is incorporated into the Kingdom of England. -
Period: 1536 to 1541
Dissolution of the Monasteries
Catholic monasteries are closed, and their assets are confiscated by the Crown. -
1547
Death of Henry VIII; beginning of Edward VI's reign
Edward VI, Henry VIII's young son, ascends the throne at nine years old. -
1549
Book of common prayer
Uprisings occur against the imposition of Protestantism, notably in Devon and Cornwall. -
1553
Beginning of Mary I's reign ("Bloody Mary")
Mary Tudor, a devout Catholic, temporarily restores Catholicism in England. -
1554
Marriage of Mary I and Philip II of Spain
This marriage strengthens Catholic influence in England but is unpopular. -
1558
Beginning of Elizabeth I's reign
Elizabeth I restores Anglicanism as the state religion and seeks to maintain religious stability. -
1560
Scottish Reformation
Scotland becomes a Protestant country under John Knox's influence, and Catholicism is banned. -
1565
Mary marries Henry Stuart
She gave birth to their son James VI of england. -
1567
Mary Queen of scots abdicates
She flees to england seeking protection from her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. -
Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary Stuart is executed after being accused of plotting against Elizabeth I. -
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
The Spanish fleet sent to invade England is defeated. -
Period: to
Nine Years' War in Ireland
The Irish rebellion led by Hugh O'Neill against English rule ends in an English victory. -
Union of the Crowns
James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England, uniting the crowns but not the parliaments. -
Beginning of the reign of James I
The two crowns were united under a single monarch for the first time. This did not create a political union between the two countries; they remained separate sovereign states. -
Gunpowder Plot
A Catholic plot to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
Death of James I and beginning of Charles I's reign
Charles I ascends the throne, but his reign is marked by conflicts with Parliament. -
Petition of Right
Parliament forced Charles I to recognize the rights of English subjects, limiting royal power. -
Period: to
Bishop's war:
Two conflicts between King Charles I of England and Scotland, centered around disputes over religious reforms and the governance of the Church of Scotland. -
Period: to
Long Parliament
After the “ short parliament”, Charles I calls Parliament, which remains in session for 20 years, challenging royal authority. -
Period: to
English Civil War
A conflictbetween King Charles I and Parliament regarding governance and religious matters. It concluded with the execution of Charles in 1649. -
Abolition of monarchy
The abolition of monarchy in England happened when King Charles I was executed after the English Civil War. -
Charles I on trial
He refuses to plead, and he's executed on january 30th. -
Period: to
The Commonwealth of England
During this period, England was declared a republic under the Rump Parliament, marked by instability. -
Period: to
Massacres in Ireland
Cromwell sent over 12 000 troups in Wexford and Drogheda , Ireland, to supress Irish resistance. He killed many opposents and catholics. -
Oliver Cromwell Becomes Lord Protector
Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament and assumed the role of Lord Protector. He later declined the crown after kingship was offered. -
Richard becomes Lord Protector
Following his father's death, Richard took over but lacked authority and popularity. -
Declaration of Breda
In his return to power, Charles II promised amnesty, religious tolerance, and property protection to ease the transition. -
Restoration of the Monarchy
King Charles II was restored to the throne, ending the republic. -
The Great Fire of London
A devastating fire in London, resulting in huge destruction. Catholics were blamed. -
The "Popish Plot"
A fabricated conspiracy saying that Catholics wanted to kill Charles II to make James II king. It created widespread anti-Catholic sentiment. -
Period: to
Exclusion crisis
Parliament wanted to dishinerit Charles II's brother: James II. Charles II dissmissed the parliament three times to avoid that bill and reigned without parliament from 1681 to 1685. -
Accession of James II
James II’s open Catholicism was troublesome and many wanted him to quit. -
The Glorious Revolution
William of Orange and Mary, James II’s Protestant daughter, were invited to take the throne, prompting James to flee to France and establishing parliamentary supremacy. -
The Bill of Rights
This significant document reinforced parliamentary authority, and established key principles of governance. -
Battle of the Boyne
William III defeated James II in Ireland, solidifying his rule over Britain and Ireland. -
The Act of Settlement
The Act of settlement focused more on the hinheritance of protestant heirs only. -
Period: to
Reign of Queen Anne
She was Mary II's sister , and her protestant heir. -
Act of Union with Scotland
This Act of Union established the United Kingdom of Great Britain. -
Accession of George I
He was the first monarch of the House of Hanover. -
Jacobite Rising
Led by Bonnie Prince Charlie, the rebellion sought to restore the Stuart monarchy. -
Outbreak of the Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War began in 1756 due to colonial and territorial rivalries between powers, particularly Britain and France. It bacame a global conflict. -
Period: to
American War of Independence
13 colonies of england, in America gained independence, forming the United States. -
Watt and Boulton's Steam Engine
Inventions in steam propulsion precipitated the Industrial Revolution, changing industry and society. -
Act of Union with Ireland
The Act of Union with Irelandjoined the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.