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The First School Museum is Built
In 1905 the first school museum is built in St.Louis. These museums housed many different materials that were used for instruction in the classroom, and these were important while aiding teachers. -
The Introduction to Instructional Media
The two authors defined instructional media as the physical ways that instruction is presented to learners. This can obviously be done in many different ways, and there can be many different forms of media used for instruction. -
The Association for Educational Communications and Technology was founded
The association for educational communications and technology was founded in 1923. This was a large step in the advancement of instructional media. It was developed in order to learn and discover new ways to display media. -
Ralph Tyler - The Father of Behavioral Objects Movement
Ralph Tyler wrote that “Each objective must be defined in terms which clarify the kind of behavior which the
course should help to develop” in 1934. His 8 year long study found that "Objectives could be clarified by stating them in behavioral terms, and those objectives could
serve as the basis for evaluating the effectiveness
of instruction." -
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Creation of Instructional Design
The creation of instructional design was said to have been traced back to the time period around WW2. Instructional design is the process of creating instructions or a plan to best achieve goals. -
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World War II Impact on Instructional Media
WWII instructional engineers used instruction videos in order to train soldiers and military personnel for combat. Instructional films also helped US citizens that entered the business and industry field. -
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Researchers Developed Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)
In the 1950s, the first CAI was developed for use in public schools. Ultimately, these helped learning and began to be used more widespread. It took until the 1980s for computers to become serious mechanisms of learning across the country. -
Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 channels for educational purposes
Instructional television became a large part of instructional media in the 1950s. It was a large deal when the FCC set aside these channels but they were ultimately seen to be a failure. -
B.F. Skinner’s article entitled The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching
This was a minor revolution in the education field. Skinner said that programmed materials, also known as instructional materials should present instruction in small steps and gather immediate responses. -
Benjamin Bloom and Colleagues Publish: Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
The authors came together and discovered that within the cognitive domain there are many different learning outcomes. They learned that tests to find out what type of learner you are must be designed to meet all of these outcomes. -
Learning Shifts from Behavioral Models to Learning Theories
This time period is when the concept of learning finally began to shift away from behavioral models. New concepts were introduced, these included: cognitivism, behaviorism, and constructivism. These are still foundations of IDT to this day and will be forever. -
Instructional Television is Discarded
As much as instructional television was supported and gained traction with over 200 channels dedicated to it, it was ultimately a failure. This was disappointing and by the 1970s there was no large impact made by instructional TV. -
Robert Mager Writes: Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction
An extremely popular book that has sold over 1.5 million copies to date and now has three editions was created. This book was vital to the advancement of instructional design. It contains three key elements needed for the preparation of the instructional design process. -
Barson defines Instructional Development
Barson (1967) defined instructional development as the systematic process for improving instruction. This was important because they showed how many different conditions, including the use of media, influence learning. They believed generalizing one specific model would be detrimental. -
The introduction of Constructivism
Bednar introduced the idea of constructivism in 1991. This is the idea that learners construct knowledge rather just take in the information that is presented to them. Based on their past they can build connections and continue to learn. -
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Growth and Redirection
The developing interest in instructional design continued to grow and flourish during the 1980s. More interest in the instructional design process came from businesses and administrations. Interest also came from the military and the internationally. -
Cognitivism is Established
Cognitive theories stress the acquisition of knowledge and internal mental structures. In the 1950s learning theory shifted away from behavioral models and got closer to complex cognitive processes. -
Growing Interest in Constructivism
Constructivism is a collection of similar views of learning and instruction. This gained a ton of interest in the 1990s and grew more popular as the decade went on. Constructivism involves solving complex problems and being able to work together to solve and see them from different angles. -
Behaviorism is Defined
In 1990 Winn described behaviorism as "Learning is accomplished when a proper response is demonstrated following the presentation of a specific environmental stimulus." Behaviorism is one of the essential learning theories. -
The concept of Rationalism is introduced
Schunk introduced rationalism as the idea that knowledge derives from reason without the aid of any of our senses. -
The Role of Memory Plays an Important Role in Learning Models
Schunk says that memory is not usually addressed by so called behaviorists. But, not enough attention is given to habits and how they are stored or recalled for future use. This is essential in learning models, and this is memory's role. -
Rapid Prototyping
Rapid prototyping has had a large impact on instructional design. This involves quickly coming up with prototype designs early on in the instruction process. These prototypes are then tested to see which is the best solution. -
The ADDIE Model is Introduced
Branch and Gustafson introduce the 5 step ADDIE model that will go on to become an important instructional model. It is still used today by those who work in the field. It consists of: analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate. -
Pebble in the Pond Model is introduced
This model is very student-centered and learning-focused because it begins with the problem that the student must solve and demonstrates the skills necessary for students to succeed. As we can see this is different from the SAM and ADDIE models. -
Merrill and Allen talk about the SAM model
Successive Approximation Model. This is an alternate to the ADDIE model, it has a similar idea but is different. "SAM’s use of prototypes throughout the project allows troubleshooting from the very beginning and makes for clearer communication of ideas and feedback between the designer and the stakeholders."