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Brown v. Board of education
Deciding case in “separate but equal” schools was not constitutional and declared equal opportunity for all children in education. This paved the way for those with special needs. -
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy, in his presidential role, had a sister named Rosemary who intellectual and developmental disabilities and he was openly committed to improving life for those like his sister. He established the President’s commission on mental retardation to support the use of federal funds to educate teachers of children with disabilities. His openness and commitment was a huge social influence on improving the services provided for those with special needs. -
Eunice Kennedy
- wrote a Saturday evening post article which told the story of Rosemary, was very influential.
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civil rights act
laid the foundation for what could socially be accomplish for those with special needs. The act was passed for equal rights and access to opportunities at all levels of society, including those with disabilities. -
special Olympics.
Eunice Kennedy began the special Olympics -
Diana v board of education (California)
Stated that California schools could not place students in special education on the basis of culturally biased tests or tests given outside of their primary language. -
Wolf Wolfenberger normalization
Wolf Wolfenberger founded the principle of normalization-that people with disabilities should have the opportunity to lead a life as close to normal as possible. This lead to the deinstitutionalization movement, which led to establish small group homes and community-based residential facilities in towns and cities. -
-Pennsylvania Association for Retarded citizens v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
parents of children with intellectual disabilities sued for an education for their children. The courts ruled in their favor and required the state of Pennsylvania to provide free appropriate education for students with disabilities. -
Mills v. the Washington, DC Board of Education
parents found for education for their children which led to needs being met for children with disabilities in the District of Columbia. -
Rehabilitation Act
civil rights law requiring that institutions not discriminate against people with disabilities in any way if they wish to receive federal funds. -
Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson School District v. Rowley
- First case to reach Supreme Court. “What is appropriate education” was disputed for student Amy Rowley, who was deaf. It was requested that she have a sign language interpreter for her general education classes, however the court denied her request. This case raised concerns for school’s responsibilities to provide “related services.”
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Irving Independent School District v. Tatro
Child with spina bifida needed catheterization to stay in school and Supreme Court ruled in favor that it was a “related service” and the school must provide it. -
Honig v Doe
Supreme Court ruled that a student receiving special education services cannot be excluded from school or from receiving their services if their misbehavior is related to their disability. -
Americans with disabilities Act
President George W Bush signed into law that would cover four major areas-private-sector employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications. This helped those with disabilities gain access to reasonable accommodations and be protected from discrimination. -
Cedar rapids community school district v. Garret F
U.S Supreme Court ruled that service related to children with disabilities were to be met under IDEA as long as a physician did not already provide them. -
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)-
Had the most profound impact on children with disabilities. It requires that every children 3-21 with disabilities to be provided a free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment. It is consistently amended.
