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Generation of Vacuum Tubes
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The business environment placed much more importance on the cost effectiveness of the system
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The first multiprogramming systems allowed each program to be serviced in turn
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Computers had faster CPUs, creating an even greater disparity between their rapid processing speed and slower I/O access time.
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Hardware was more flexible, with logical functions built on easily replaceable circuit boards
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Web accessibility and e-mail became standard features of almost every oper- ating system. The decade also introduced a proliferation of multimedia applications demanding additional power, flexibility, and device compatibility for most operating systems.
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The new century emphasized the need for operating systems to offer improved flexibility, reliability, and speed.
To meet the need for computers that could accommo- date multiple operating systems running at the same time and sharing resources, the concept of virtual machines