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1536
Calvinism and Catholicism had begun
Christianity allowed the Divine Plan for the organization of society to be fully put under the Mystical Body of Christ.The Catholic Church began to exercise a profound influence upon culture and civilization. The guidance of the Church was accepted because mankind came to realize that the supreme end of man consisted in the vision of God in the Three Divine Persons. -
Period: 1556 to
King Philip II
He was the greatest supporter of Militant Catholicism. To strengthen his control, he insisted on strict conformity to Catholicism and strong monarchical authority. He also had the powerful Spanish navy at his command. His actions led to great victories and defeats. -
1558
Elizabeth Tudor
She ascended the English throne in 1558. During her reign, the small island kingdom became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire. She moved quickly to solve the difficult religious problem she inherited from her Catholic half-sister, Queen Mary Tudor. Elizabeth repealed the laws favoring Catholics. She followed a moderate Protestantism that kept most people satisfied. -
Defeat of Spanish armada
King Phillip had a plan to defeat England by sending a fleet of warships, the Armada, to overthrow the Queen and Protestantism. Faster and more nimble English ships took out the Armada in defeat and on the way back the only ships left of the Armada were destroyed by a storm. This all left King Phillip and Spain bankrupt and not the strongest world power it used to be. -
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France. It also gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges as in holding public office. So the Edict of Nantes please both Catholics and Huguenots. -
Huguenots
They were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. They made up only about 7 percent of the total French population, but 40 to 50 percent of the nobility became Huguenots. Huguenots were a powerful political threat to the Crown. -
Period: to
The Thirty Years' War
The war was between Catholics and Protestants. It involved France, Spain, Sweden and some other countries. Catholic Kings had Protestants prosecuted, but this did not stop the spread of Protestantism. It resulted in 8,000,000 fatalities like, military engagements, violence, famine, and plague. -
Petition of Rights
It was a statement of civil liberties sent by the English Parliament to Charles I. Refusal by Parliament to finance the king's unpopular foreign policy had caused his government to exact forced loans and to quarter troops in subjects' houses as an economy measure. No taxes may be levied without consent of Parliament, no subject may be imprisoned without cause shown, no soldiers may be quartered upon the citizenry, and martial law may not be used in time of peace. -
Thomas Hobbes
Hobbes believed that all humans need to be organized or they would go to moral reasons and they would all be bad. And that he needed to save everyone and have them under one leader with the same set of laws as everyone. And that no one could fight self-preservation. -
The Restoration
The Restoration is usually confused by people believing that the work of the English Revolution was undone but that is not true. However Parliament kept most of its power and was an important role in the government. They were very open about being Catholic and made a decision suspending the laws parliament passed against Catholics and Puritans. -
Period: to
Peter the Great
Peter was an absolute monarch and helped modernize the army and navy. Peter introduced western customs, practices, and manners into Russia. He ordered the first Russian book of etiquette to help with manners. Men had to shave beards and shorten coats but upper class women could remove traditional face-covering veils. Along with making Russia a great state and army powered he wanted to open west. He separated Russia into different provinces. -
John Locke
Locke believed that all humans derived from state of equality and freedom and all have natural rights.As in life, liberty, and property, and it is the governments jobs to protect those rights. And if they don’t we should be able to overthrow the government, therefore they aren’t doing their job. -
Witchcraft Trials
The Witchcraft Trials were religious zeal that led to and Inquisition and the hunt for heretics was the concern for witchcraft. An intense hysteria affected the lives of people, as they were scared of being accused with witchcraft. More than a hundred thousand people were accused and tortured with it. -
Absolutism in Europe
This helped make laws, levy taxes, administer justice,control officials and determine foreign policy. They had a Council at Versailles which didn’t include nobles and government administrators didn’t have a say in anything but it gave local leaders a say in affairs. This all grew money and was great for palaces. -
Louis XIV comes to throne
He made absolutism. He brought France to the peak of absolute power and made France the dominant power in Europe. His reign was also known for its great art and culture. He believed in the motto “One king, one law, one faith.”