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Was 17 when he became King.
6 wives = 2 divorced and 2 beheaded.
3 of his children reigned after him. -
Start of the European Reformation. He denounced Indulgences (document issued by the Church with the Pope's authority which reduced the amount of time one would have to stay in Purgatory.
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Bible in English. Translated by William Tyndale.
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Gave the King the legal power to annul marriage.
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The King became the "Supreme Head of the Church of England". That is when the schism happened even though it was gradual.
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Made Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen
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Seen as bastions of "popery". Kind of nationalisation since the Crown appropriated their income and land. Rebellions against it. Lots of social impacts.
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Symbol of Counter-Reformation. It attempted to correct some of the abuses of the Church and harshly condemned protestant heresies.
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Son of Henri VIII and Jane Seymour.
Only 9 when his father died.
Edward Seymour became Lord Protector.
Died at the age 15 from tuberculosis. -
Eradicated Roman Catholic practices and allowed marriage of clergy. -
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Daughter of Henri VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
First Queen regnant (at 37)
Restored Catholicism in 18 months.
Repealed the Protestant legislation and persecuted Protestants.
Married to Philip II
"Bloody Mary" -
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About religious belief. Every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer. People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined.
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About Church organisation. She abolished the authority of the Pope, and restored the authority of the Queen over the Church ("Supreme Governor of the Church of England")
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In the spring of 1559, all court thought this was going to lead to marriage. He was married at the time but his wife had breast cancer. William Cecil did not approve and spread the rumour that Dudley wanted to poison his wife. When she was found dead, he was suspected. Impossible marriage.
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Started the doctrine of the Church. 3 important changes :
- a new ecclesiology (conception of the Church)
- a new doctrine of Salvation
- a new definition of sacraments and the mass.
Still in use today -
Rebellion against religious reforms with 6.000 insurgents. An attempt to replace the Queen by Mary, Queen of Scots. The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland. It was crushed.
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He issued a papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis". Was almost giving Catholics license to kill her with the certainty that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome. -
it made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales
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Provide for the death penalty for any person converting or already converted to Catholicism. Forbidden to celebrate or participate in the Catholic Mass. Anglican services were compulsory.
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young Catholics swore to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary. Strategies discovered by Francis Walsingham when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Mary Stuart and this group. -
Mary, Queen of Scots :
- daughter of King James V and Mary of Guise
- raised in France as a Catholic
- cousin of Elizabeth I and her legitimate heir
- was kept imprisoned by Elizabeth for 19 years
Mary was convicted of complicity and sentenced to death. She was executed in 1587 in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress. -
Philip II supported many plots so Elizabeth supported the Dutch revolution. Philip II, therefore, attempted to invade England: and fail.
Reasons for victory :
- a material advantage for England
- a human advantage for England
Many ideological effects of the victory -
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He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots. He was proclaimed King of Scotland in 1567 and crowned King of England in 1603 on Elizabeth's death. He was a strong believer in the divine rights of kings.
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Conspiracy to blow up Parliament and kill James I -
first permanent settlement
Named after James I -
Only 60 out of 500 colonists survived
Shortage of drinkable water
Insufficient growing of crops
Conflicts with the Native Powhatan tribe -
A new English translation of the Bible
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Centerpiece of financial reforms. The King received a fixed sum. Some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money
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Believed in the divine right of Kings
Interpreted all criticism as a challenge to his authority
Favoured the Arminians -
Requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parlliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial
Wanted to get Charles to recognize there were limits to his powers -
an act of open defiance
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11 years when the King ruled without calling a Parliament
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The introduction of the New Prayer Book in 1637 set Scotland aflame. It turned into the Bishops' Wars.
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called needing money to fight the Scots. it lasted 3 weeks
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Peace Treaty where Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scots' army
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Parliament should meet at least every 3 years and the dissolution of Parliament required its consent
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The army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament
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Irish Catholics rebels rose up against Protestant settlers -
Summarized all the wrong doings of Charles I and concluded on "revolutionary" demands -
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190.000 Englishmen died
The Royalists vs the Parliamentarians -
22.000 men
Armed with swords, pistols, pikes
religious fervour (convinced that the army was acting on God's behalf -
Turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken
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No authority above parliament
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The House of Commons decided to disband the New Army without paying the soldiers so it led to mutiny
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Colonel Pride entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs -
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Many experiments with republican forms of government
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Military dictatorship
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After Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda (with lots of promises), the King was restored
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All ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer
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The state of New Amsterdam was renamed New York
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Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
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Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne
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Lists King James' misdeeds
Fixed limitations on the sovereign's power
Set out the rights of Parliament
Set out basic civil rights
A key political text -
Ensured a Protestant succession
Put an end to the quarrel between King and Parliament -
Under Queen Anne