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Period: 1509 to 1547
Henri VIII reign
Was 17 when he became King.
6 wives = 2 divorced and 2 beheaded.
3 of his children reigned after him. -
1517
The Ninety-Five Theses of Martin Luther
Start of the European Reformation. He denounced Indulgences (document issued by the Church with the Pope's authority which reduced the amount of time one would have to stay in Purgatory. -
1526
The Tyndale Bible
Bible in English. Translated by William Tyndale. -
1529
The Pope rejected Herni's petition for a divorce
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1533
Act in Restraint of Appeals
Gave the King the legal power to annul marriage. -
1534
Act of Supremacy
The King became the "Supreme Head of the Church of England". That is when the schism happened even though it was gradual. -
1534
Act of Succession
Made Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen -
Period: 1536 to 1541
Dissolution of monasteries
Seen as bastions of "popery". Kind of nationalisation since the Crown appropriated their income and land. Rebellions against it. Lots of social impacts. -
Period: 1545 to 1563
Council of Trent
Symbol of Counter-Reformation. It attempted to correct some of the abuses of the Church and harshly condemned protestant heresies. -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Edward VI reign
Son of Henri VIII and Jane Seymour.
Only 9 when his father died.
Edward Seymour became Lord Protector.
Died at the age 15 from tuberculosis. -
1549
Book of Common Prayer
Eradicated Roman Catholic practices and allowed marriage of clergy. -
1553
The Poor Laws
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Period: 1553 to 1558
Mary I reign
Daughter of Henri VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
First Queen regnant (at 37)
Restored Catholicism in 18 months.
Repealed the Protestant legislation and persecuted Protestants.
Married to Philip II
"Bloody Mary" -
Period: 1558 to
Elizabeth I reign
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1559
The Act of Uniformity
About religious belief. Every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer. People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
1559
The Act of Supremacy
About Church organisation. She abolished the authority of the Pope, and restored the authority of the Queen over the Church ("Supreme Governor of the Church of England") -
Period: 1559 to 1561
A love affair with Robert Dydley
In the spring of 1559, all court thought this was going to lead to marriage. He was married at the time but his wife had breast cancer. William Cecil did not approve and spread the rumour that Dudley wanted to poison his wife. When she was found dead, he was suspected. Impossible marriage. -
Period: 1563 to 1571
The 39 articles of faith
Started the doctrine of the Church. 3 important changes :
- a new ecclesiology (conception of the Church)
- a new doctrine of Salvation
- a new definition of sacraments and the mass.
Still in use today -
1569
The Northern Rebellion
Rebellion against religious reforms with 6.000 insurgents. An attempt to replace the Queen by Mary, Queen of Scots. The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland. It was crushed. -
1570
Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth
He issued a papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis". Was almost giving Catholics license to kill her with the certainty that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome. -
1571
The Treasons Act
it made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales -
1581
Act to retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due Obedience
Provide for the death penalty for any person converting or already converted to Catholicism. Forbidden to celebrate or participate in the Catholic Mass. Anglican services were compulsory. -
The Babington plot
young Catholics swore to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary. Strategies discovered by Francis Walsingham when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Mary Stuart and this group. -
The execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots :
- daughter of King James V and Mary of Guise
- raised in France as a Catholic
- cousin of Elizabeth I and her legitimate heir
- was kept imprisoned by Elizabeth for 19 years
Mary was convicted of complicity and sentenced to death. She was executed in 1587 in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress. -
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Philip II supported many plots so Elizabeth supported the Dutch revolution. Philip II, therefore, attempted to invade England: and fail.
Reasons for victory :
- a material advantage for England
- a human advantage for England
Many ideological effects of the victory -
The Poor Laws
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The Poor Laws
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Period: to
James I reign
He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots. He was proclaimed King of Scotland in 1567 and crowned King of England in 1603 on Elizabeth's death. He was a strong believer in the divine rights of kings. -
The Gunpowder Plot
Conspiracy to blow up Parliament and kill James I -
Jamestown in Virginia
first permanent settlement
Named after James I -
Period: to
The Starving Time
Only 60 out of 500 colonists survived
Shortage of drinkable water
Insufficient growing of crops
Conflicts with the Native Powhatan tribe -
The King James' Bible
A new English translation of the Bible -
The Great Contract
Centerpiece of financial reforms. The King received a fixed sum. Some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money -
Period: to
The Thirty Years' War
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James summoned parliament to asko for money for war
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Plymouth colony
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Period: to
Charles I's reign
Believed in the divine right of Kings
Interpreted all criticism as a challenge to his authority
Favoured the Arminians -
Petition of Rights
Requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parlliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial
Wanted to get Charles to recognize there were limits to his powers -
The Three Resolutions
an act of open defiance -
Period: to
The Personal Rule
11 years when the King ruled without calling a Parliament -
Maryland
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Period: to
The Scottish crisis
The introduction of the New Prayer Book in 1637 set Scotland aflame. It turned into the Bishops' Wars. -
The Short Parliament
called needing money to fight the Scots. it lasted 3 weeks -
Treaty of Ripon
Peace Treaty where Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scots' army -
Period: to
The Long Parliament
Parliament should meet at least every 3 years and the dissolution of Parliament required its consent -
The Militia Act
The army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament -
The Irish Rebellion
Irish Catholics rebels rose up against Protestant settlers -
The Grand Remonstrance
Summarized all the wrong doings of Charles I and concluded on "revolutionary" demands -
Period: to
English Civil Wars
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Charles formally declared war on Parliament
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Period: to
The First Civil War and the victory of Parliament
190.000 Englishmen died
The Royalists vs the Parliamentarians -
New army created by the Parliamentarians
22.000 men
Armed with swords, pistols, pikes
religious fervour (convinced that the army was acting on God's behalf -
Battle of Naseby
Turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken -
King and Royalists surrendered
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Agreement of People
No authority above parliament -
the New Model Army seized the King
The House of Commons decided to disband the New Army without paying the soldiers so it led to mutiny -
King escaped and allied himself with the Scots
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Pride's Purge
Colonel Pride entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs -
Period: to
The Second Civil War
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England was declared a Commonwealth
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Period: to
The Commonwealth
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Period: to
The Interregnum
Many experiments with republican forms of government -
Execution of King Charles I
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Blasphemy Act
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The Instrument of Government
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Dissolution of the Rump Parliament
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Period: to
The Cromwellian Protectorate
Military dictatorship -
Period: to
Early Restoration
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The Restoration
After Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda (with lots of promises), the King was restored -
The Act of Uniformity
All ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer -
The English took over the Dutch Colony of New Netherland
The state of New Amsterdam was renamed New York -
Outbreak of Plague
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Great Fire of London
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The Popish Plot
Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II -
Period: to
The Exclusion crisis
Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne -
Pennsylvania
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Period: to
James II's reign
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Period: to
William II's reign
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Period: to
The Glorious Revolution
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The Bill of Rights
Lists King James' misdeeds
Fixed limitations on the sovereign's power
Set out the rights of Parliament
Set out basic civil rights
A key political text -
The Act of Settlement
Ensured a Protestant succession
Put an end to the quarrel between King and Parliament -
Act of Union between England and Scotland
Under Queen Anne