Emergence et Transformation du Puritanisme, 1558-1642

By Poulnwar
  • Period: 1509 to 1547

    Henry VIII

  • 1525

    1st edition of William Tyndale’s New Testament in English

  • 1527

    Henry VIII begins negotiations with Rome for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon

  • Period: 1529 to 1537

    Seven sessions of Reformation Parliament

  • Period: 1533 to 1555

    AC: Thomas Cranmer

  • 1534

    Act of Supremacy

    Ends all papal jurisdiction in England by identifying the monarch as head of the church in England
  • 1535

    Miles Coverdale’s English translation of the Bible

  • 1536

    Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries

  • 1536

    Ten Articles of Faith

  • 1539

    Act of Six Articles

    Heralds a theological backlash toward a more Catholic perspective
  • 1539

    Dissolution of the Greater Monasteries

  • 1547

    Death of Henry VIII and accession of Edward VI

    Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, becomes Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector
  • 1547

    Clerical marriage allowed, Six Articles Repealed

  • 1547

    First Book of Homilies published

  • Period: 1547 to 1553

    Edward VI

  • 1549

    Act of Uniformity + First BCP

    Imposes first Prayer Book of Edward VI which creates a fully vernacular liturgy
  • 1549

    Somerset falls from power following rebellions in South­West and in East Anglia

    Power passes to John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland
  • 1552

    Second BCP

    Prepared by Cranmer, draws on radical Continental Protestant models
  • 1553

    Death of Edward VI, Accession of Mary I

    Northumberland fails to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne
  • 1553

    Restoration of the Catholic Mass

  • 1553

    Forty Two Articles

  • Period: 1553 to 1558

    Mary I

  • 1554

    Marriage of Mary to Philip II of Spain

    Reconciliation of England and Rome and restoration of papal jurisdiction
  • 1555

    Public executions of Protestant “heretics” begin

    In all 282 men and women would be burned for heresy during Mary’s reign
  • 1555

    Over 800 English Protestants (Marian Exiles) go into exile on the Continent

    In Protestant centers such as Geneva and Frankfurt
  • 1556

    Archbishop Cranmer executed by burning

  • Period: 1556 to 1558

    AC: Reginald Pole

  • Period: 1558 to

    Elizabeth I

  • 1559

    Acts of Supremacy

    Elizabeth declared herself Supreme Governor of the Church of England, and instituted an Oath of Supremacy, requiring anyone taking public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state. Anyone refusing to take the Oath could be charged with treason
  • 1559

    Act of Uniformity + "New" BCP

    Protestantism becomes "the religion by law", yet ambiguities about the nature and extent of that Protestantism;
    Reintroduction of the 1552 BCP with modifications to make it acceptable to more traditionally minded worshippers and clergy (could be interpreted in several ways)
  • Period: 1559 to 1575

    AC: Matthew Parker

  • 1562

    Elizabeth nearly dies of smallpox

  • 1563

    Convocation approves the Thirty-­Nine Articles

  • 1563

    First edition of John Foxe’s Actes and Monuments (or Book of Martyrs)

  • 1563

    Vestarian Controversy

  • 1566

    Parker’s "Advertisements"

    Require all clergy to wear the surplice
  • 1566

    "A Briefe Discourse Against the Outwarde Apparell of the Popishe Church"

    Robert Crowley; 1st Pn manifesto
  • 1567

    Civil war in Scotland

  • 1568

    Mary Queen of Scots escapes to England and is imprisoned

  • 1569

    Revolt of the Northern Earls

    Northern Rising against Elizabeth I and in favor of Mary Queen of Scots and Catholicism
  • 1570

    Pope issues bull of excommunication against Elizabeth calling on her subjects to overthrow her

  • 1570

    Thomas Cartwright preaches controversial lectures on the Acts of the Apostles and is removed as Professor of Divinity at Cambridge

    A series of lectures in which he argued that the CofE failed to follow the model of the New Testament and advocated for a Presbytarian system; he travels to the continent where he will be influenced by the Presbyterian views of Theodore Beza
  • 1571

    Ridolfi Plot uncovered

    Mary implicated but Elizabeth refuses to execute her
  • 1571

    Thirty-Nine Articles approved in Parliament

  • 1572

    Admonition to Parliament

    John Field & Thomas Wilcox; calling for further reform of the Church
  • 1573

    Brief English invasion of Scotland to secure the position of the Protestant Regent

  • Period: 1575 to

    AC: Edmund Grindal

  • 1577

    Archbishop Grindal suspended for opposing the Queen when she orders prophesying to be suppressed

    "Bear with me, I beseech you, Madam, if I choose rather to offend your earthly majesty, than to offend the heavenly majesty of God." (Letter addressed to the Queen)
  • 1580

    Jesuit missionaries arrive in England

  • 1581

    Parliament approves fines for non-­attendance at church by “popish recusants”

    Fine raised 400x, from 1 shilling to 20 pounds
  • 1582

    Act makes all Catholic clergy found in England liable to execution

    More than 100 killed by 1603

  • Throckmorton Plot uncovered

  • Three Articles (Whitgift)

    Aim to identify and prosecute Presbyterian minority in the Church;
    1. Recognition of the royal supremacy
    2. Recognition of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, laying done the doctrine of the CofE
    3. Taking an oath that there was nothing in the Prayer Book which was contrary to the word of God
  • Period: to

    AC: John Whitgift

  • England declares war on Spain

  • Babbington Plot uncovered

    MQS implicated

  • MQS Executed

  • Walter Travers finishes his "Book of Discipline"

    a model for the Presbyterian reforms advocated by some religious reformers

  • Marprelate Tracts

  • Spanish Armada deafeated

  • Bancroft's sermon at St Paul's

    Catholic and Puritans thrown back to back, as equal threats; rhetorically a turning point?

  • Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Politie, R. Hooker

    Came as a response to Pn principles - with at its core an expansion of the concept of adiaphora, based on the idea that the interpretation of God’s will relied on past experience, human reason and scriptures - an idea which later influenced the development of Anglicanism

  • Execution of John Greenwood and Henry Barrow

    Two leading Protestant separatists

  • Lambeth Articles

    A series of nine doctrinal statements drafted by Cambridge don William Whitaker after the Cambridge controversy (Peter Baro, Am, v. William Barret, Ca);
    Intented to appendix the 39 Art, specifically the 17th, to better align it with Ca view of predestination
    (17: election to salvation, not to reprobation)
    However E1 refused to alter her settlement

  • Publication of King James VI’s Basilikon Doron

  • “Millenary Petition”

    Calling for religious reforms
  • Period: to

    James I

  • Hampton Court Conference

    King as arbiter between conformist and mod Pn;
    Limited concessions to the Pn agenda

  • 1604 Canons

    After the HCC, James I ordered the clergy to meet in Convocation to draw up a new book of canons (majority of bishops, minority of puritans); 141 canons passed
    Most notorious = Canon XXXVI, which required subscription to the Three Articles for all new ordained with no reservation (Conformity++)

  • Treaty of London

    Peace with Spain

  • "English Puritanisme", W.B.

    "English Puritanisme: containeing the maine opinions of the rigidest sort of those that are called puritanes" in which he argues that the episcopacy is unscriptural, and defended a non-separatist form of congregationism; Appropriation of the derogatory term 'Pn'
  • Period: to

    AC: Richard Bancroft

  • 1605 Petition to the King

    44 gentlement in Northamptonshire seeking to obtain reprieve for ministers who had not subscribed, lest "thousands of the king's subjects be deprived of their pastors" - petition deemed "mutinous, seditious, malicious, factious"

  • Gunpowder Plot

  • Over 80 ministers deprived bt 1604 & 1606

    Notably John Dod

  • Oath of allegiance imposed on Catholics

    • Recusancy fines increased
    • Catholics could not hold public offices HOWEVER, not rigorously enforced bc no desire to upset Spain

  • James I restores Episcopacy in Scotland

    Mixed church polity, combining episcopalian and presbytarian forms of government
    (Process underway since the late 16th)

  • Authorized Version of the Bible

    Also known as King James' Bible
  • Period: to

    AC: George Abbot

  • Addled Parliament

    Rumors that the crown had manipulated the election, trying to secure MPs favourable to the impositions.
    Lords v. Commons;
    Controversial speech by Bishop Neile, who defended the regulation of foreign trade as part of the king’s prerogative on foreign policy;
    J1 grew impatient & issued an ultimatum to Plt, which treated it irreverently; Plt dissolved only 2 months after it was called;
    Following the calamity of this Parliament, James became even more determined to avoid the legislative body

  • Synod of Dort

    In the Netherlands; During which the conflict between reformed and Arminian doctrine was examined and settled, mostly in favor of reformed theology

  • Five Articles of Perth

    James tried to impose certain ceremonies in Scotland:
    - Kneeling rather than sitting at the Lord’s Supper.
    - Private Communion.
    - Baptism not withheld longer than one Lord’s Day and administered privately where necessary (baby in poor health).
    - Confirmation by bishops.
    - The observance of holy days such as Christmas and Easter.

  • Book of Sport

    Listed the sports and recreations that were permitted on Sundays and other holy days;
    - Rebuked Puritans and was issued to counteract the growing Puritan calls for strict abstinence on the Christian Sabbath (Sabbatarianism)
    - On the other, condemned Catholics and others who did not attend church services in their parish, as the declaration specified that only people who had first attended divine service were entitled to participate in recreations afterward.
  • Period: to

    Thirty Years War

  • Benevolence collected to fund troops

    King insists that preachers and minister should not describe war as a war of religion, lest public opinion becomes inflamed

  • Protestation of 1621 (Plt Session)

    Many MPs (mostly Commons) were unhappy with J1's foreign policy. They opposed the Spanish Match (the plan to marry Charles, Prince of Wales to the Spanish Infanta) and wished for a war against Spain
    Major conflict bt Plt and the King, ending in J1 dissolving it

  • Directions on Preacher

    Issued by Abbot;

  • Fatal Vespers

    House of French ambassador in London collapsed whil catholics were attending the evening service; An accident interpreted by Protestants polemicists (cf Samuel Clarke) as a evidence of divine opposition to papism (95 died)

  • Spanish Match

    A proposed marriage between Prince Charles, the son of King James I of England, and Infanta Maria Anna of Spain, the daughter of Philip III of Spain.
    Negotiations took place bt 1614 to 1623, but marriage never happened (despite the attractiveness of the 600k dowry which would have been beneficial to J1, given that the 1614 Plt had denied him the financial subsidies he requested)

  • Alliance with France signed

    • Recusancy laws suspended
    • End of Eng assistance to the Huguenots in LR
    • Charles to be married to H-M

  • "New Gagg" R. Montagu

    "A Gagg for the New Gospell? No. A New Gagg for an old Goose" - The 'Gagg' had contained forty-seven propositions which it attributed to the Church of England. Of these Montagu only allowed eight to be her true doctrine
  • Period: to

    War with Spain

    Alliance with France, after the humiliation of the failure of the marriage of Prince Charles to the princess of Spain in 1623

  • Charles married Henriette-Maria

    Daughter of Henry IV (France) and Marie de Médicis; thus securing an alliance with France;
    Unpopular because a Catholic princess would potentially entail a revival of a Catholic succession

  • Feoffees for Impropriation

    Until 1633; following YHC, group of Pn lawyers, merchants & clergymen established the FPI;
    Goal = raise funds, purchase advowson, thus increasing number of preaching ministers & thus ensuring that Pn could receive ecclesiastical appointments;
    Seen by Laud as a plot to overthrow the Church Government, and eventually dissolved by C1

  • "Appello Caesarem" R. Montagu

    Attacked some Calvinist tenets, including the perseverance of the saints.
  • Period: to

    Charles I

  • 1626 Parliament, Forced Loan

    Following Buckingham's massive defeat at Cadiz; called bc of the need for funds; Plt hostile towards Buckingham and the Arminian bishops being brought into the PC, try to impeach the former, leading C1 to dissolve it.
    Still in need of funds, C1 levies an illegal tax (forced loan), which is squandered by Buckingham in La Rochelle

  • York House Conference

    Thomas Morton & John Preston (Pn) v. John Buckeridge & John Cosin (Am) - Two days of discussion over R. Montagu's theses - no agreements reached whatsoever: demonstration of an unbridgeable gap bt Pn and Am

  • Siege of La Rochelle

    Buckingham secured a declaration of war not only against Spain but against France and squandered the forced loan money by leading another disastrous naval expedition, this time to aid French Protestants who were rebelling against Louis XIII of France in the city of La Rochelle on the coast of southwest France

  • "Apostolike Obedience", Robert Sibthorpe

    In defense of the power of passive obedience to the power of the King. George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury opposed the publication of these sermons, but William Laud, Bishop of Bath and Wells urged George Montaigne, Bishop of London to license the publication and as a result the sermons were published.

  • Laud Bishop of London + PC

    London = an area which had long been a Pn strongholdc; PC: no bishops under E1, unprecedented
  • Period: to

    War with France

    Starting with Buckingham's campaign to assist the Huguenots in the Siege of La Rochelle

  • Assassination of Buckingham

  • Petition of Right

    There should be no taxation without parliamentary consent; there should be no arbitrary arrest of subjects; there should be no billeting of troops upon subjects without their consent; there should be no government of the localities by martial law - C1 reluctantly agreed to it bc in dire need of £££

  • Last Parliament Session

    Vigorous attack upon the recently promoted Arminian bishops in the church who were accused of introducing popish innovations; When C1 asked the speaker to announce the dissolution, mayhem ensued: the Commons refused to let him announce dissolution, the doors of the Hoc were shut to messengers of the King until three resolutions were passed, the first of which posited that anyone furthering “popery or Arminianism” was to be considered “a capital enemy to this kingdom”
  • Period: to

    Eleven Years' Tyranny

  • Book of Sport (C1 Reissue)

    Adding wakes and ales to the list of sanctioned recreations. C1 ordered that any minister who refused to read it be deprived of position. As the Pns gained power in Parliament in the lead-up to the Civil War, hostility to the BoS grew. Attempts to enforce the declaration came to an end with the fall of Archbishop Laud in 1640, and Parliament ordered the book publicly burned in 1643, two years before Laud was executed.
  • Period: to

    AC: William Laud

  • Prayer Book Riots

    In 1637, King Charles of England, Scotland and Ireland tried to impose a new Prayer Book, based on that of the Church of England, on the Church of Scotland (the Kirk). The attempt aroused patriotic and religious outrage, and many Scots signed the National Covenant in protest

  • National Covenant (Scotland)

    An agreement signed by many people of Scotland, opposing the proposed reforms of the Kirk by C1. Widespread protest across Scotland after C1's attempts at reforming the Kirk. It established the fact that only the Scottish PLT and the Presbytarian general assembly could make Scottish religious policy. Charles saw this as an act of rebellion against his rule, leading to the Bishops' Wars, the result of which required him to call an English Parliament.

  • Oaths and Canons of 1640

    After the Short Plt was dissolved, Convocation continued to sit and passed canons summing up Laudian doctrines, and clearly stating that royal power was an ordinance of God - immediate and tremendous opposition to these canons as most of the clergy regarded them as a plot to destroy the Church of England and convert it to Rome (also, seen by many as illegal due to Plt not sitting)

  • Short Parliament

    Summoned by C1, in dire needs of funds because of the Bishop War. The very first speech made in the Short Parliament in the House of Commons declared that the Scottish rebels were less of a threat to the kingdom than the threat which was posed by the King’s government to the liberties of the subject. Charles responded by dissolving parliament after roughly three weeks

  • Visitations to enforce the new Canons

    the Laudian clergy enforced the Canons through visitations, pressing on for subscription to the oath. They encountered a high degree of resistance; In the counties, the visitation also led to acts of iconoclasm and the destruction of altars and even more frequently of the rails by soldiers who were progressing north to the join the army with local apprentices, youths and people belonging to the lower ranks of society.

  • Long Parliament

    Summoned by C1 out of desperation, bc of the success of the Scots, who occupied Northeastern England. Election of this Plt galvanized the whole country (lot of participation). Rapid rise of J. Pym to leadership in the HC. Laud and Wentworth imprisoned. Many grievances, such as the burning of the 1640 O&C

  • Root and Branch Petition

    a petition signed by about 15k people calling for the abolition of episcopacy

  • Execution of T. Wentworth

  • Triennal Act

    Impose au roi de réunir un Plt tous les trois ans

  • Grand Remonstrance

    Introduced by J. Pym in Plt after the Irish Rebellion; a comprehensive indictment of Charles’ misrule ever since he had come to the throne; Goal = justify the demand that henceforward parliament should have the power to choose the King’s councilors, thereby having control over whatever forces might be granted to the King, and that an assembly of divines should meet to determine the future structure of the Church of England to satisfy the Puritan zealots amongst Pym’s supporters.

  • Nineteen Propositions

    This included such terms as: all privy councilors should in future be approved by parliament; all major officers of state should be approved by parliament; the militia order allowing parliament to raise troops and appoint commanders should be accepted; the King should consent to whatever reform in the Church of England parliament advised.

  • Militia Ordinance

    Plt seizing the right to raise troops and appoint military commanders, so they too were preparing to raise forces