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Brown v. Board of education
The supreme court ruled that school segregation by race was not constitutional even if resources were allocated. This court case brought to attention not only black v. white in the schools, but also special needs students v. normal students. With this case, many advocacy groups were formed to help inform the nation of the problem with the US special education programs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTGHLdr-iak -
Elementary and secondary Education Act
Protecting and providing for students from disadvantaged backgrounds so that they would have equal access to the public education system. For example, one of the ESEA provisions established the free and reduced lunch system because children whose basic needs are not met -
PARC V. commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Challenged the constitutionality of excluding individuals with mental retardation from public education and training. The state was not allowed to “deny to any mentally retarded child access to a free public program of education and training.” -
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
Students with disabilities must be given a public education even if the students are unable to pay for the cost of the education. The case established that "all children are entitled to free public education and training appropriate to their learning capacities". -
Rehabilitation act
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by federal agencies, in programs receiving federal financial assistance, in federal employment and in the employment practices of federal contractors. This law includes FAPE and LRE. A student is eligible when they have a mental or physical disability that deters their learning ability.
https://askearn.org/topics/laws-regulations/rehabilitation-act/ -
Honig v. Doe
School district may not exclude or expel a disabled child from the classroom for dangerous or disruptive conduct caused by their disabilities. The Honig case is a landmark decision because the Court created what is now known as the “ten-day rule,” which allows a school to only suspend a child for up to ten days without parental consent or court intervention. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Schools must find and evaluate students thought to have disabilitiesat no cost to families. The concept of IDEA was first brought to the senate table by Iowa's own Tom Harkin in 1989. This law included 6 pillars: FAPE, LRE, IEP, evaluation, parent/student participation, and procedural safeguards for all participants.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XMndYNEGFA -
ADA
This act guarantees that people with special needs have the same rights as others in all places. This law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. -
T.R. v. Kingwood Township
The Court clarified that the LRE, educate disabled children with non-disabled children, in the same school the child would attend if the child were not disabled. involved a preschool aged child who was offered placement in an in-district classroom where half the children were disabled and half were typically developing, which the Court held was a “hybrid” program and therefore not the LRE. -
No Child Left Behind
NCLB covers a wide range of areas, from improving teacher quality and supporting instruction for English language learners (ELLs) to efforts to keep schools safe and drug free. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is a federal law that provides money for extra educational assistance for poor children in return for improvements in their academic progress -
Every student succeeds Act (ESSA)
ESSA replace the No Child Left Behind Act.The main purpose of ESSA is to make sure public schools provide a quality education for all kids. ESSA gives states more of a say in how schools account for student achievement. This includes the achievement of disadvantaged students.
https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/your-childs-rights/basics-about-childs-rights/every-student-succeeds-act-essa-what-you-need-to-know
