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Max Delbruck
In the years during World War II, Max discovered-with the help of some friends-how to do genetics with bacteria and their viruses -
Fredrick Griffith
Griffith's experiment was one of the first experiments suggesting that bacteria are capable of transfering genetic information through a process knoen as transformation -
John Bernal
John Desmond Bernal uses X-ray crystallography to illuminate the structure of proteins. -
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
experimented using red bread mold, proved that heredity diseases are related to the metabolism, proved that one gene makes up one enzyme -
Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod
Found that a gene is made of DNA -
Erwin Chargaff
discovered that different species have the same proportions of DNA bases -
Watson and Crick
Late in 1951, Crick started working with James D. Watson at Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, England. Using the X-ray diffraction results of Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin of King's College London, given to them by Gosling and Franklin's colleague Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick together developed a model for a helical structure of DNA, which they published in 1953. For this and subsequent work they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962, -
Alfrred Hershey and Martha Chase
The Hershey–Chase experiments were a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that helped to confirm that DNA is the genetic material. While DNA had been known to biologists since 1869, a few scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance. -
Linus Pauling
Pauling proposed a trplie-stranded helix structure of DNA -
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
The discovery of the structure of DNA revealed the physical and chemical basis of how characteristics are passed down through the generations and how they are expressed in individual organisms -
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
The Meselson–Stahl experiment was an experiment by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958 which supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative. In semiconservative replication, when the double stranded DNA helix is replicated each of the two new double-stranded DNA helixes consisted of one strand from the original helix and one newly synthesized. It has been called "the most beautiful experiment in biology." -
Arthur Kornberg
Arthur Kornberg was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid " together with Dr. Severo Ochoa of New York University. He was also awarded the Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951, L.H.D. degree from Yeshiva University in 1962, as well as National Medal of Science in 1979. -
Marshall Nirenberg
Marshall Warren Nirenberg was an American biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for "breaking the genetic code" and describing how it operates in protein synthesis. In the same year, together with Har Gobind Khorana, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. -
Kary Mullis
Kary Banks Mullis is a Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist, author, and lecturer. In recognition of his improvement of the polymerase chain reaction technique, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith and earned the Japan Prize in the same year. The process was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana, and allows the amplification of specific DNA sequences. -
Paul Berg
experimented with recombinant DNA -
Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen
found out that some organisms combined genetic information when they reproduced, included ideas of recombinant DNA
