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DNA Timeline
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Gregor Mendel
He discovered that if you bred together a yellow pea plant and a green pea plant that the offspring will always be yellow. In the paper about his dicovery Mendel describbed that action as invisible factors providing visible traits -
Friedrich Miescher identifies "nuclein"
He origonaly wanted to isolate and charachterise the protien componants of a white blood cell. But in the experement he came across an object that had unusual chemical properties. Miescher quickly realized he had discovered a new substance which took scientist more then 50 years to appreciate -
Sir Archibald Edward Garrod connects mendals experements with human dieses
while doing a study he collected family history from his patients. And in disscussion he concluded that alkaptonuria was a recessive trait.He published this and it was the first account of recessive inheritince in humans -
Oswald Avery identifies DNA as the 'transforming principle'
while he was working he conducted a experiment that caused harmless bacteria to become deadly. determined to find out what caused it he began purifing bacteria . he noted that it had no protien or carbhydrate but a nucleic acid and claimed it was DNA -
Erwin Chargaff discovers that DNA composition is species specific
He began working on the chemistry of nucleic acids and wanted to diverse a method of analysing nitrogenous componants and sugars in DNA.He released two papers of much importance. His studys eventually improved and he was able to conclud that in any double-stranded DNA, the number of guanine units is equal to the number of cytosine units and the number of adenine units is equal to the number of thymine units, and second that the composition of DNA varies between speicies this is the chargaff rule -
Rosalind Franklin photographs crystallized DNA fibres
Rosalind was working to to produce two sets of high-resolution photographs of DNA fibers. By taking these pictures she was able to conclude the dimensions of the dna and that phosphates were on the outside. Her x-rays were described as the most beautiful ever takin but somebody had released them before she could -
James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double helix structure of DNA
The two scientist using x-rays and model building were able to solve a puzzle scientists have been trying to solve for years. and were awarded the nobel piece prize for the discovery of the double helix structure. -
George Gamow and the “RNA Tie Club”
many scientists were on a frenzy to crack the genetic code so Gamow created a club for exclusive members called the "RNA tie club which let them explain their ideas and their were only 20 members one for each amino acid. ironically he did not discover the genetic code. -
An additional copy of chromosome 21 linked to Down's syndrome
Cytogenetics first took impact in 1959 when they linked an extra chromosome to down syndrome. the invention of giemsa transformed the discipline making it possible. -
Marshall Nirenberg is the first person to sequence the bases in each codon
nirunberg wanted to focus his research on nucleic acids and protein synthesis in the hope of cracking 'life's code'.he later performed a experiment that showed that a chain of the repeating bases uracil forced a protein chain made of one repeating amino acid, phenylalanine. this proved the code could be broken. -
Frederick Sanger develops rapid DNA sequencing techniques
molecular biologists could now decipher the genetic code and spell out the sequence of amino acids in proteins. Sanger later won the nobel piece prize for his findings. -
Huntington's disease is the first mapped genetic disease
progressive neurodegenerative disease which is commen between 30 and 45 is caused by multiple symptoms. and in 1983 HD was the first diesease mapped using DNA polymorphism. -
The first gene found to be associated with increased susceptibility to familial breast and ovarian cancer is identified
In 1990 the first gene associated with breast and ovrian cancer. this gene is located on the 17th chromosome and everyone has a copy of this gene. -
The Human Genome Project begins
The human genome project was predicted to last 15 years. Many orginazations were interested because it would help advance medicine and for mutations radiations might cause. the goals of this project are determining all 3.2 billion letter, mapping and sequencing the genomes. -
Haemophilus Influenzae is the first bacterium genome sequenced
J. Craig Venter and colleagues published the first sequensed genome a free living organism Haemophilus Influenzae.Haemophilus Influenzae can cause meningites and ear infection.prior to this scientists had only few sequences of viruses.this project took about a year and proved that the shotgun technique. -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
This sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from a adult cell. Accomplishing this proved that DNA could create an entire organsim. scientists found a wat to reprogram the cell and put it into an unfertial egg. dolly was the only one to survive out of 277 attempts. -
'Bermuda Principles' established
leaders of human genome project ment at bermunda and thought data should be shared freely among the public. the agreement to this led to possible advances in healthcare and research. -
First human chromosome is decoded
an international team of researchers discovered the first full genetic human chromosome. This chromosome contained 33.5 million chemical componets.at the time this was the longest continuas stretch of DNA. -
Genetic code of the fruit fly is decoded
scientists decoded the genetic make up of the fruit fly.Fly cells have alot in commen with a mammal cell.scientists dicovered that fly cells 13,601 cells. But a human contains 70,000 genes -
Mouse is the first mammal to have its genome decoded
scientists had finally decoded the first mammal genome,This allowed scientists to compare human genomes with other mammals.this showed that a mouse genome can match 90% of the human genome which show how close they are. -
The Human Genome Project is completed
history was made when the human genome project was finally completed. The scientists could finaly fill the gaps and completed 99% doing this they were able to predict that there will be an error about 1 event out of 100,000 -
