DNA :)

Gregor Mendel

Apr 3, 1865

He discovered the laws of inheritence. His discovery was published in 1865.
1. Parent's genes are randomly split so only one gene goes to the child.
2. Genes from different traits are sorted differently.
3. Organisms with different forms of the gene it will only show the dominant gene.

Friedrich Miescher

Oct 6, 1869

He isolated the first crude preparation of DNA without knowing.

Hugo de Vries

Sep 12, 1880

He did hybridization experiments. (he didn't know about Mendel's work.) He published his work in 1900. After he found out about Mendel's work he mentioned Mendel.

Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg

Dec 13, 1898

In 1898 he began plant breeding and wrote up his results finally in 1900. Though because he was younger he wasn't yet accepted in scientific community.

Carl Correns

Dec 11, 1900

He redefined Mendel's laws. He studied plants like Mendel. Yet he never really recieved his credit

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Dec 13, 1911

In 1911 Thomas Hunt Morgan created the Fly In The Room expirement. He grave the proof for the chromosomal theory of heredity, genetic linkage, chromosomal crossing over and non-disjunction. Then in 1928 moved to develop a better biology division and in 1933 he was awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine.

Oswald Avery

Dec 13, 1913

Oswald Avery and Maclyn McCarty showed Griffith's principle was DNA.

Hermann Muller

Dec 13, 1920

Hermann Muller showed that X-rays can cause mutation. In the 1920's he performed his research (that X-rays cause mutation) Then he cautioned against the indiscriminate use of X-rays in medicine.

Barbara McClintock

Dec 13, 1931

Barbara McClintock began investigating the effects of X-rays on corn chromosomes. Thus caused her find out that translocations, inversions, deletions and ring chromosomes in corn.

George Beadle

Dec 13, 1931

George Beadle had just finished researching in 1931 with a group and had posted some doctoral work in T. H. Morgan's new biology divison.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Dec 13, 1946

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase did an expirement to prove phage DNA, and not protein, was the genetic material. The expirement was called Hershey-Chase Blender expirement

Rosalind Franklin

Dec 13, 1947

Rosalind Franklin made and produced X-ray crystallography pictures of BDNA. (Which Watson and Crick used) In 1947 she had published alotta papers on the physical structure of coal.

Seymour Benzer

Dec 13, 1953

Seymour Benzer (after Crick and Watson published their work) had an idea to get inside of a gene by using bacteriophage with mutant rII genes.

Paul Zamecnik and Mahlon Hoagland

Dec 13, 1953

In 1952, Zamecnik was almost successfulwhen he made a cell-free extract from rat liver (he was able to synthesize proteins from amino acids). In 1953, using this system, Zamecnik and Mahlon Hoagland showed that amino acids had to be energized by ATP before they were incorporated into a peptide chain.

Meselson and Stahl

Jun 13, 1954

Meselson and Stahl proved Watson's and Crick's model with an expirement. They had worked during the summer to figure out how to prove the model. (density gradient centrifugation)

Jacques Monod and François Jacob

Dec 13, 1954

Jacques Monod and François Jacob both studied repression. So they worked together, and uncovered the switch that turns beta-galactosidase synthesis off and on. Also: regulatory sites on DNA, the concept of mRNA.

Sydney Brenner

Dec 13, 1956

Sydney Brenner sent a paper with elegant proof that used statistics and amino acid protein sequences to show that three nucleotides code for one amino acid.

Arthur Kornberg

Dec 13, 1959

Arthur Kornberg was head of Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University when he was isolating and identifying over a hundred enzymes used in metabolic reactions.

MARSHALL WARREN NIRENBERG

Dec 13, 1961

MARSHALL WARREN NIRENBERG published a paper for the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. The paper showed a synthetic messenger RNA made of only uracils can direct protein synthesis.

James Watson and Francis Crick

Dec 13, 1962

James Watson and Francis Crick created the structure of DNA. They both recieved the Noble Prize for Physiology or Medicine. They created the structure with the knowledge Rosalind Franklin.

Roy Britten

Dec 13, 1964

Roy Britten showed that eukaryotic genomes have many repetitive, noncoding DNA sequences.

David Baltimore

Dec 14, 1972

David Baltimore studied viral systems, specifically viral RNA synthesis. He found that the RNA genome of poliovirus became the mRNA message once it entered the cytoplasm.

Stan Cohen and Herbert Boyer

Dec 14, 1972

Stan Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first recombinant DNA.

Roger Kornberg

Sep 4, 1974

Roger Kornberg figured out the importance of histones to chromatin structure.

Richard (Rich) Roberts and Phil Sharp

Dec 14, 1974

Richard (Rich) Roberts Soon Roberts and his lab had a whole collection of restriction enzymes. During the '70s and early '80s, about 75 out of 100 known enzymes were isolated in Roberts' lab.
Some of these restriction enzymes were used to map adenovirus DNA.(along with Phil Sharp)

Howard Temin

Dec 14, 1975

Howard Temin developed his provirus theory, which hypothesized that RSV and other RNA viruses entered the cell and then made DNA copies of themselves before integrating into the host genome.

Frederick Sanger

Dec 14, 1979

Frederick Sanger led to techniques that were applicable to DNA and finally to the dideoxy method most commonly used in sequencing reactions today.

LELAND HARTWELL

Dec 14, 1982

LELAND HARTWELL start using yeast as a model system. Thus casuing him to be a pioneer in yeast genetics, and has used yeast to identify many of the genes involved in protein synthesis as well as the cell cycle.

CHRISTIANE NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD and Eric Wieschaus

Dec 14, 1982

CHRISTIANE NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD and Eric Wieschaus analyzed embryonic Drosophila mutants and developed a screen to isolate new mutations.

Kary Mullis

Dec 14, 1983

Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a technique that amplifies specific DNA sequences from very small amounts of genetic material.

THOMAS ROBERT CECH

Dec 14, 1989

THOMAS ROBERT CECH and his research group did the work leading to the discovery that RNA can self-splice and thus can act as a ribozyme. Thus gaining him the Nobel Prize for Chemistry,

MARIO RENATO CAPECCHI

Dec 14, 1989

MARIO RENATO CAPECCHI harnessed the machinery of mammalian cells to precisely mutate any gene he wished.

HOWARD ROBERT HORVITZ

Aug 5, 1991

HOWARD ROBERT HORVITZ saw the advantages of C. elegans, and used it to study a number of developmental systems including neuronal development, the ras pathway and the genetics of cell lineage. Programmed cell death is only one of the many ongoing projects in his lab.

MARY-CLAIRE KING

Dec 14, 1993

MARY-CLAIRE KING her colleagues proved the existence of the first gene to be associated with hereditary breast cancer, now known as BRCA1.

STEPHEN P. A. FODOR

Mar 3, 1996

STEPHEN P. A. FODOR was put in charge of developing a process to generate miniature high-density arrays of biological compounds.  This led to the development of the first DNA GeneChip®, and the techniques to read and analyze these chips for large-scale genomic studies.

PATRICK HENRY BROWN

Dec 14, 1997

PATRICK HENRY BROWN found that DNA arrays can hold up to 80,000 samples – more than the estimated total number of genes that make up a human being.

FRANCIS COLLINS

Apr 8, 2001

FRANCIS COLLINS found the method when he pinpointed the gene that causes cystic fibrosis.

JOHN CRAIG VENTER

Jun 15, 2001

JOHN CRAIG VENTER developed the EST method of finding genes, and promoted it as cheaper and faster than the Human Genome Project that was just getting started.

JOHN SULSTON

Dec 14, 2002

JOHN SULSTON described the cell lineage for a part of the developing nervous system of C. elegans, mapping the neuronal circuitry and the migratory pathways of the entire nervous system. He also showed that every member of the species undergoes exactly the same program of cell division and differentiation.