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The First Usage of Andragogy
The first recorded usage of "andragogy" can be found by German teacher, Alexander Kapp, in his work "Plato's Educational Ideas". Kapp describes the importance of lifelong learning and proceeds to discuss adult learning or "education in the man's age". -
John Dewey
John Dewey wrote "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" and was dubbed the father of functional psychology. He related stimulation to the results of a previous experience. -
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget developed the Stage Theory of Cognitive Development in 1936. His theory involved the progression of four stages in children. Each stage builds on the previous. The stages include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete and formal. -
Critical Theory and Critical Pedagogy
Max Horkheimer (philosopher and sociologist) is credited with defining critical theory. In short, he introduced the idea of liberating people from their circumstance. -
Einführung in die Andragogik
"Einführung in die Andragogik" by Franz Pöggeler received critical acclaim and is considered the first attempt to provide adragogy with a scientific basis. -
Fred Keller
In the 1960s, Fred Keller developed the Keller Plan. The Keller Plan breaks down lessons into smaller units or sections. A student cannot move forward in the lessons unless the previous unit is passed. Additionally, there are no punishments for failing. The student is only rewarded with passing by moving forward. A student's learning is not limited due to age. -
Pedagogy of the Oppressed
"Pedagogy of the Oppressed" is written by Paulo Freire. Freire was praised for his analysis of education. He considered factors such as the student's community, what they already know and providing space for discussion. -
Scaffolding
Scaffolding was coined by Jerome Bruner and refers to the child's need for support from the instructor when learning new concepts. -
Lev Vygotsky
Vygotsky's contributions have created the foundation for cognitive development. He has theorized that cognitive development varies across cultures and places a high emphasis on sociocultural context in children. -
4 Assumptions of the Adult Learner
Malcolm Knowles introduced his four assumptions of the adult learner. These assumptions included self concept, adult learner experience, readiness to learn, and orientation to learning. -
The Fifth Assumption
Malcolm Knowles adds his fifth assumption of the adult learner. The list now includes the motivation to learn.
