Civil War

  • Abolition

    Abolition
    The movement to abolish
    slavery.
  • MIssouri Compromise

    MIssouri Compromise
    James Monroe was the president at this time, and Missouri applied for statehood but wanted to enter as a slave state, causing the amount of slave states and free states to be uneven, But than Maine wanted to join the US as a free statee, so therefore the Missouri Compromise resulted in Missouri joining as a slave state and Maine joining as a free state.
  • Santa Fe Trail

    Santa Fe Trail
    A 780 mile trail from Independence, Missouri, to
    Santa Fe in the Mexican province of New Mexico.
  • Oregon Trail

    Oregon Trail
    The Oregon Trail stretched from Independence,
    Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon. It was blazed in 1836 by
    two Methodist missionaries named Marcus and Narcissa
    Whitman. By driving their wagon as far as Fort Boise (near
    present-day Boise, Idaho), they proved that wagons could
    travel on the Oregon Trail.
  • San Felipe de Austin

    San Felipe de Austin
    The main settlement of the colony was named San Felipe de Austin, in
    Stephen’s honor. By 1825, Austin had issued 297 land grants to the group that later
    became known as Texas’s Old Three Hundred. Each family received either 177 very
    inexpensive acres of farmland, or 4,428 acres for stock grazing, as well as a 10-year
    exemption from paying taxes. “I am convinced,” Austin said, “that I could take on
    fifteen hundred families as easily as three hundred if permitted to do so."
  • Mexico abolishes slavery

    Mexico abolishes slavery
    N Despite peaceful cooperation between Anglos and
    Tejanos, differences over cultural issues intensified between Anglos and the
    Mexican government. The overwhelmingly Protestant Anglo settlers spoke
    English instead of Spanish. Furthermore, many of the settlers were Southerners,
    who had brought slaves with them to Texas. Mexico, which had abolished slavery
    in 1829, insisted in vain that the Texans free their slaves.
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion

    Nat Turner's Rebellion
    Some slaves rebelled against their condition of
    bondage. One of the most prominent rebellions was led by Virginia slave
    Nat Turner. In August 1831, Turner and more than 50 followers attacked four
    plantations and killed about 60 whites. Whites eventually captured and executed
    many members of the group, including Turner.
  • Stephen F Austin goes to jail

    Stephen F Austin goes to jail
    Mexican politics had become increasingly unstable. Austin had
    traveled to Mexico City late in 1833 to present petitions to Mexican president
    Antonio López de Santa Anna for greater self-government for Texas. While
    Austin was on his way home, Santa Anna had Austin imprisoned for inciting
    revolution.
  • Texas Revolution

    Texas Revolution
    After Santa Anna suspended local powers in Texas and other
    Mexican States, rebellion broke out, including one called the Texas Rebellion.
  • The liberator

    The liberator
    A paper weekly written by Garrison. Boston mob paraded
    him through town at the end of a rope. Nevertheless, Garrison enjoyed widespread
    black support; three out of four early subscribers to The Liberator were
    African Americans.
  • Manifest Destiny

    Manifest Destiny
    Man's belief that God had ordained the idea of expanding west of the United States to the Pacific coast.
  • Texas enters the US

    Texas enters the US
    Most Texans hoped that the United States
    would annex their republic, but U.S. opinion divided along sectional lines.
    Southerners wanted Texas in order to extend slavery, which already had been
    established there.
  • Mexican American War

    Mexican American War
    It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a “manifest destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A border skirmish along the Rio Grande started off the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S. victories. When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory.
  • The North Star

    The North Star
    An Anti-slavery paper written by Fredrerick Douglass. named it
    The North Star, after the star that
    guided runaway slaves to freedom.
  • Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo

    Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo
    This treaty, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah, to the United States.
  • Harriet Tubman

    Harriet Tubman
    One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman,
    born a slave in Maryland in 1820 or 1821. In 1849, after Tubman’s
    owner died, she heard rumors that she was about to be sold. Fearing
    this possibility, Tubman decided to make a break for freedom and succeeded
    in reaching Philadelphia. Shortly after passage of the Fugitive Slave
    Act, Tubman resolved to become a conductor on the Underground
    Railroad. In all, she made 19 trips back to the South and is said to have
    helped 300 slaves.
  • underground railroad

    underground railroad
    As time went on, free African Americans and white abolitionists developed a
    secret network of people who would, at great risk to themselves, hide fugitive
    slaves. The system of escape routes they used became known as the
    Underground Railroad.
  • Fugitive Slave Act

    Fugitive Slave Act
    Any alleged fugitive slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury. In addition, anyone convicted
    of helping a fugitive was liable for a fine of $1,000 and imprisonment for
    up to six months.
  • Compromise of 1850

    Compromise of 1850
    As the 31st Congress opened in December 1849,
    the question of statehood for California topped the agenda. Of equal concern was
    the border dispute in which the slave state of Texas claimed the eastern half of the
    New Mexico Territory, where the issue of slavery had not yet been settled. As passions
    mounted, threats of Southern secession, the formal withdrawal of a state
    from the Union, became more frequent.
    Henry Clay drew of resolutions know as this.
  • Uncle Tom'Cabin

    Uncle Tom'Cabin
    In 1852, Harriet
    Beecher Stowe published her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which stressed
    that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle.
  • Kansas Nebraska Act

    Kansas Nebraska Act
    Douglas introduced a
    bill in Congress on January 23, 1854,
    that would divide the area into two
    territories: Nebraska in the north and
    Kansas in the south. If passed, the bill
    would repeal the Missouri Compromise
    and establish popular sovereignty for
    both territories. Congressional debate
    was bitter. Some Northern congressmen
    saw the bill as part of a plot to turn the territories into slave states.
    Southerners strongly defended the proposed legislation.
  • Dread Scott vs. Sandford

    Dread Scott vs. Sandford
    Dred Scott, a slave whose owner took him from
    the slave state of Missouri to free territory in Illinois and Wisconsin
    and back to Missouri. Scott appealed to the Supreme Court for his
    freedom on the grounds that living in a free state—Illinois—and
    a free territory—Wisconsin—had made him a free man.
    The case was in court for years. Finally, on March 6, 1857,
    the Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott.
  • Abe Lincoln and Stephen Douglas

    Abe Lincoln and Stephen Douglas
    The two men’s positions were simple and consistent.
    Neither wanted slavery in the territories,
    but they disagreed on how to keep it out. Douglas believed deeply in
    popular sovereignty. Lincoln, on the other hand, believed that slavery
    was immoral. However, he did not expect individuals to give up
    slavery unless Congress abolished slavery with an amendment.
  • Abe Lincoln becomes president

    Abe Lincoln becomes president
    The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln appeared to be moderate
    in his views. Although he pledged to halt the further spread of slavery, he also
    tried to reassure Southerners that a Republican administration would not “interfere
    with their slaves, or with them, about their slaves.” Nonetheless, many
    Southerners viewed him as an enemy. Lincoln emerged as the winner with less than half the popular
    vote and with no electoral votes from the South.
  • John Brown's raid/Harper's Ferry

    John Brown's raid/Harper's Ferry
    While politicians debated the slavery issue, the
    abolitionist John Brown was studying the slave uprisings that had
    occurred in ancient Rome and, more recently, on the French island of
    Haiti. Brown secretly obtained financial backing from several
    prominent Northern abolitionists. On the night of October 16, 1859,
    he led a band of 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His aim was to steal the federal arsenol for an uprising.
  • Formation of the Confederacy

    Formation of the Confederacy
    South Caralina seceeded in 1860. Mississippi soon followed South Carolina’s lead, as did
    Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. In
    February 1861, delegates from the secessionist states met in
    Montgomery, Alabama, where they formed the Confederate
    States of America, or Confederacy. They also drew up a
    constitution that closely resembled that of the United
    States, but with a few notable differences. The most important
    difference was that it protected slave owners.
  • Attack on fort sumter

    Attack on fort sumter
    d, Confederate soldiers
    in each secessionist state began seizing federal installations—especially forts. By
    the time of Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861, only four Southern forts
    remained in Union hands. The most important was Fort Sumter, on an island
    in Charleston harbor.
    Lincoln decided to neither abandon Fort Sumter nor reinforce it. He would
    merely send in “food for hungry men.” At 4:30 A.M. on April 12, Confederate batteries
    began thundering away to the cheers of Charleston’s people
  • Battle of Bull Run

    Battle of Bull Run
    The first bloodshed on the battlefield occurred about three months
    after Fort Sumter fell, near the little creek of Bull Run, just 25 miles from
    Washington, D.C. The battle was a seesaw affair. In the morning the Union army
    gained the upper hand, but the Confederates held firm, inspired by General
    Thomas J. Jackson. “There stands Jackson like a stone wall!” another general shouted,
    coining the nickname Stonewall Jackson. In the afternoon Confederate
    reinforcements helped win the first south win.
  • Battle at Antietem

    Battle at Antietem
    A Union corporal found a copy of Lee’s orders
    wrapped around some cigars! The plan revealed that Lee’s and
    Stonewall Jackson’s armies were separated for the moment.
    McClellan ordered his men to pursue Lee, and the two
    sides fought on September 17 near a creek called the
    Antietam (Bn-tCPtEm). The clash proved to be the bloodiest
    single-day battle in American history, with casualties
    totaling more than 26,000.
  • Conscription

    Conscription
    The war led to social upheaval and political unrest in both the North and the
    South. As the fighting intensified, heavy casualties and widespread desertions led
    each side to impose conscription, a draft that forced men to serve in the army.
    In the North, conscription led to draft riots, the most violent of which took place
    in New York City. Sweeping changes occurred in the wartime economies of both
    sides as well as in the roles played by African Americans and women.
  • Emancipation Proclamation

    Emancipation Proclamation
    The proclamation did not free any slaves immediately because it applied only
    to areas behind Confederate lines, outside Union control. Nevertheless, for many,
    the proclamation gave the war a moral purpose by turning the struggle into a fight
    to free the slaves. It also ensured that compromise was no longer possible.
  • Income Tax

    Income Tax
    As the Northern economy grew,
    Congress decided to help pay for the war by collecting the nation’s first income
    tax, a tax that takes a specified percentage of an individual’s income.
  • Battle at Vicksburg

    Battle at Vicksburg
    Union general Ulysses S. Grant
    fought to take Vicksburg, one of the two remaining Confederate strongholds on
    the Mississippi River. Vicksburg itself was particularly important because it rested
    on bluffs above the river from which guns could control all water traffic. In the
    winter of 1862–1863, Grant tried several schemes to reach Vicksburg and take it
    from the Confederates. Nothing seemed to work—until the spring of 1863.
  • Battle of Gettysburg

    Battle of Gettysburg
    The most decisive battle of the whole war, in Southern Pennsylvania, When Hill’s troops marched toward the town from the
    west, Buford’s men were waiting. The shooting attracted more troops and both
    sides called for reinforcements. By the end of the first day of fighting, 90,000
    Union troops under the command of General George Meade had taken the field
    against 75,000 Confederates, led by General Lee.
  • Gettysburg address

    Gettysburg address
    In November 1863, a ceremony was held to dedicate
    a cemetery in Gettysburg. There, President Lincoln spoke for a little more
    than two minutes. According to some contemporary historians, Lincoln’s
    Gettysburg Address “remade America.” Before Lincoln’s speech, people said,
    “The United States are . . .” Afterward, they said, “The United States is . . .” In
    other words, the speech helped the country to realize that it was not just a collection
    of individual states; it was one unified nation.
  • Sherman's March

    Sherman's March
    In the
    spring of 1864, Sherman began
    his march southeast through
    Georgia to the sea, creating a
    wide path of destruction. His
    army burned almost every house
    in its path and destroyed livestock
    and railroads. Sherman was
    determined to make Southerners “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to
    it.” By mid-November he had burned most of Atlanta. After reaching the ocean,
    Sherman’s forces—followed by 25,000 former slaves—turned north to help Grant beat Lee.
  • thirteenth amendment

    thirteenth amendment
    After some political maneuvering, the
    Thirteenth Amendment was ratified at
    the end of 1865. The U.S. Constitution now
    stated, “Neither slavery nor involuntary
    servitude, except as a punishment for crime
    whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
    shall exist within the United States.”
  • Assassination of Abe Lincoln

    Assassination of Abe Lincoln
    Lincoln, who never regained consciousness,
    died on April 15. It was the first time a
    president of the United States had been assassinated. After the shooting, the
    assassin, John Wilkes Booth—a 26-year-old actor and Southern sympathizer—
    then leaped down from the presidential box to the stage and escaped. Twelve days
    later, Union cavalry trapped him in a Virginia tobacco shed and shot him dead.
  • Surrender at appotomattox Courthouse

    Surrender at appotomattox Courthouse
    On April 3, 1865, Union troops conquered
    Richmond, the Confederate capital. Southerners had abandoned the city the
    day before, setting it afire to keep the Northerners from taking it. On April 9, 1865,
    in a Virginia town called Appomattox (BpQE-mBtPEks) Court House, Lee and
    Grant met at a private home to arrange a Confederate surrender. At Lincoln’s
    request, the terms were generous. Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers and sent them
    home with their possessions and three days’ worth of rations.