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Dredd Scott v. Sanford
Dredd Scott lived in Illinois (a free state) from 1833-1843. He was a slave in Missouri, so he filed for his freedom claiming that his residency proved him a free man. He lost. After going to the supreme court, they ruled him as property. Because his grandfather was brought to the US, not born there, he had no rights as a citizen. It was a 7-2 decision against Scott. -
The Thirteenth Amendment
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime. -
The Fourteenth Amendment
The 14th amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the united states, including former enslaved peoples. It also provided all citizens equal protection under the law. It states that the government shall not take away life, liberty, or property without due process. -
The Fifteenth Amendment
The 15th Amendment grants black men the right to vote, and prevents the government from denying a man to vote on the basis of color, race, or previous servitude. -
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Jim Crow Era
The Jim Crow Era was a period of time in the south where various laws, called Jim Crow Laws, were made to segregate white from black. This era was from the 1870's to the 1950's. -
Ninteenth Amendment
Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote. The 19th amendment guarantees American women the right to vote. This amendment resulted from decades of protest and fighting, and was a triumphant victory. -
Brown v. Board of Education
This case provided that schools should not be segregated, and that it was a violation of the constitution to do so in a school. Separate but Equal was ruled unconstitutional. -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
This law prohibits discrimination in public spaces, especially schools, and also made employment discrimination illegal. The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It banned discriminatory practices in employment and ended segregation in public places. It was created by President John F. Kennedy, but after his assassination it was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. -
Voting Rights act of 1965
This act protects the 15th Amendment and further protects the voting rights of African Americans. Specifically this act rids the polls of tests, or any other outlandish idea to prevent an African American to vote. It prohibits every state of allowing their polls to be riddled with racism, and gets rid of any voting practice or procedure based on race or color. -
Reed v. Reed
In Idaho it was said that "males must be preferred to females" in appointing administrators of estates. Women could not own property, basically. After the death of their adopted son, both Sally and Cecil Reed sought to be named the administrator of their son's estate. The court ruled that favoring men was unconstitutional. -
Equal Rights Amendment
This amendment was basically the 19th amendment. It guaranteed equal rights to every sex, gender. It was making the 19th amendment go further. It's protection for the 19th amendment, womens right to vote is protected by this amendment. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Allan Bakke, a thirty-five-year-old white man, had twice applied for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis, an amount of spots were reserved to colored applicants, because the school wanted to meet a racial quota. it is called an affirmative action policy, and it was ruled unconstitutional. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative action involves sets of policies within a government or organization seeking to include groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality in areas in which such groups are underrepresented, such as education and employment. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Louisiana created the Separate Car Act, which required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. Homer Plessy challenged that act, and it went to the supreme court. He was told to sit in a whites only car, after he refused to move he was arrested. Plessy’s lawyers argued that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment. They said it did not violate the constituion and ruled agaisnt Plessy. -
Bowers v. Hardwick
Michael Hardwick was observed by a Georgia police officer while engaging in the act of consensual homosexual sodomy with another adult in the bedroom of his home. After being charged with violating a Georgia statute that criminalized sodomy, Hardwick challenged the statute's constitutionality in Federal District Court. They ruled there was no constitutional protection. -
Americans with Disability Act
The Americans With Disabilities act provides Americans with disabilities with discriminations rights. It is prohibited for employers,the state, or federal government, to disseminate on the basis of disability. -
Motor Voter Act
certain voter registration requirements with respect to elections for federal office. It makes it though a drivers license to have information to register to vote. NVRA is often referred to as Motor Voter, because it requires DMV offices to offer customers an opportunity to register to vote when they apply for or renew their driver licenses or state ID cards, or change their addresses. -
Lawrence v. Texas
Responding to a reported weapons disturbance in a private residence, Houston police entered John Lawrence's apartment and saw him and another adult man, Tyron Garner, engaging in a private, consensual sexual act. Lawrence and Garner were arrested and convicted of deviate sexual intercourse in violation of a Texas statute. It was proved unconstitutional. -
Obergefell v. Hodges
Groups of same-sex couples sued their states in Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee to challenge the constitutionality of those states' bans on same-sex marriage or refusal to recognize legal same-sex marriages. They ruled that they have to recognize same sex marriage.