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13th Amendment (African Americans)
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime. -
14th Amendment (African Americans)
Rights of citizenship, due process of law, and equal protection of the law. The amendment has become one of the most used amendments in court to date regarding the equal protection clause. -
15th Amendment (African Americans)
Granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude". -
Tuskegee Institute Created (African Americans)
Founded by Booker T. Washington. First institution of higher learning for African Americans. Provided students with academic and vocational training. -
Plessy v. Ferguson (African Americans)
Case that was brought to the U.S. supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was “equal”. -
NAACP Created (African Americans)
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The NAACP was established partially as a response to the 1908 Springfield race riot. Their main focus was their campaign of anti-lynching. -
19th Amendment (Women)
The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. A response to the women’s suffrage movement. -
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Proposed (Women)
Their proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would guarantee equal rights under the low for Americans regardless of their sex. -
Executive Order 9981 (African Americans)
An executive order that was issued on July 26, 1948 by President Truman. The order abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services. -
Brown v. Board of Education (African Americans)
Supreme court overruled the the court’s decision of Plessy v. Ferguson. They declared that racial segregation by state law in the public schools violates the equal protections of the laws guaranteed by the Constitution’s 14th Amendment. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (African Americans)
Rosa Parks was arrested for refusal of her seat on the bus. This caused the Montgomery Blacks to unite in a year long bus boycott. This later caused the Montgomery government to end segregation. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Formed (African Americans)
Co-Founded by MLK Jr. This was a group that used the authority and power of Black churches to organize non-violent protests. -
Little Rock 9 (African Americans)
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to integrate. President Eisenhower sent Federal troops because Orval Faubus was violating the Presidents order, to accompany nine black students attending an all white high school. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (African Americans)
The first civil rights legislation that established the Civil Right Commission (CRC) to protect individual’s rights to equal protection and permitted courts to grant injunctions in support of the CRC. -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Formed (African Americans)
A civil rights group formed to give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights movements. Their main goal was the full extension of civil rights to all Americans, including African Americans. -
Chicano Movement (Mural Movement) (Chicanos)
Occurred mainly throughout the Southwest. Artists began using the walls of city buildings, housing projects, schools, and churches to depict Mexican-American culture. -
Cesar Chavez (Chicanos)
Created the National Farm Workers Association with Dolores Huerta. He launched a nationwide boycott of company’s grapes when they refused to recognize the union. -
Greensboro, NC Sit-ins (African Americans)
Occurred at the Woolworth’s lunch counter. Blacks were not allowed to sit at the counter because of the Jim Crow laws. The sit-in movement spread to where six months later, Woolworth’s changed their store policy. -
Freedom Riders (African Americans)
CORE and SNCC organized freedom rides to test the southern compliance with the end of segregation of buses. The riders were met with an armed white mob Alabama. Attorney General Robert Kennedy aided the riders in their cause. -
Dr. King’s: “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” (African Americans)
Dr. King uses the letter as a way to reinforce his method of nonviolence actions and civil disobedience.
