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13th Amendment (constitutional issues and laws)
This amendment abolished slavery and made it illegal in the United States. This event gave African Americans one more step towards freedom. -
14th Amendment (constitutional issues and laws)
This amendment gave african americans the rights of citizenship, due process of law, and equal protection of the law. The 14th amendment has now become one of the most used amendments in court, because of the equal protection clause. -
15th Amendment (constitutional issues and laws)
Every man can vote no matter their race or skin color. However it took a while for white men to except this and let them do it freely. In the south, white men would often prevent blacks from voting by making them poll taxes or giving them tests that they couldn't pass. But, women in the United States still cannot vote. -
Tuskegee Institute created (events)
This institute was founded by Booker T. Washington. It was the first university that African Americans could get a higher academic and vocational education. -
Plessy v. Ferguson (constitutional issues and laws)
In this court case, African American Homer Plessy had refused to take a car for blacks. Resulted in “separate but equal” tactics and segregation was upheld as part of the law. -
NAACP Created (group)
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was created to work for the end goal of racial equality. They worked for the abolishment of segregation and discrimination.The organization was created by Ida B. Wells, W.E.B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, and Moorfield Storey. -
19th Amendment (constitutional issues and laws)
After the long protests and suffrage, women are able to vote. -
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) proposed (constitutional issues and laws)
This proposed amendment was to guarantee equal rights to every sex. However, it was not passed by congress until 1972. -
Executive Order 9981 (constitutional issues and laws)
Harry S. Truman signed this order to abolish discrimination towards every race, religion, and color. This order eventually led to the abolishment of segregation. -
Brown v. Board of Education (constitutional issues and laws)
This case was about the separation of students based on their race or color. In result, the case decided that the “separate but equal” standards were unconstitutional and took away segregation. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott (events)
This peaceful protest included African Americans refusing to ride city buses to protest the segregated seating that they had. After a year of protesting they finally were able to end segregation on buses. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) formed (groups)
Created by MLK, this conference was designed to create equality for blacks in churches. They organized sit ins and non violent marches. -
Little Rock 9 (group of people)
A group of 9 African Americans were enrolled in a racially segregated high school in Little Rock, Arkansas. But they were prevented from attending. This group was a test of Brown v. Board, and Eisenhower even sent troops to escort the students into school. The nine promoted educational equality in America to previously segregated schools. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957 (constitutional issues and laws)
This was created to protect the right to vote for minorities. This act made it illegal to interfere with someone’s right to vote, protecting those in the south who had been prevented from voting before. -
Greensboro sit-ins (events)
African americans would stage sit-ins in segregated places, and would refuse to leave after being refused service. These sit-ins then started to spread to many other towns in the south. -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed (group)
These were youth led nonviolent campaigns that were against racism and segregation. The committee helped out with other contributions such as the freedom rides and sit-ins. -
Chicano Mural Movement (event)
In Mexican-American towns in the south, artists began painting on public walls in areas such as buildings, schools, and churches to display Mexican-American culture. This movement was created for Mexican-American equality, especially those who had been in America for generations and were still treated poorly. It happened throughout the 1960's. -
Freedom Riders (group)
These riders were civil rights activists who would ride on buses that were discriminant in the South. This group was created to protest the segregated bus terminals. -
Cesar Chavez (people)
Cesar Chavez founded a Union Farms Working union in 1962 that would give workers a better pay and better working conditions. -
Dr. King’s: “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” (people)
Martin Luther King Jr. 's purpose for writing this letter was to defend the acts non-aggressive acts by African Americans. He believed that people should break the laws that were unconstitutional instead of waiting for something to happen to change the law on its own. -
March on Washington: “I have a dream” speech (event)
The speech given by Martin Luther King Jr., was during the march on Washington. MLK’s purpose was to show that racial progress will be continual, and that equality would be a fulfillment of the founding father’s promises and declarations.
