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3/5 compromise
Southern states= count all slaves toward the population for representation but did not want to be taxed (slaves were property)
The Northern states= not want all the slaves counted toward the population, it would take representation away from the North, James Madison: count three out of five slaves toward the population, which was a compromise between the Northern desire of counting three out of four slaves for taxation and the Southern plan of counting one out of four slaves for taxation. -
Seneca falls declaration of sentiments and resolutions signed
Written primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, it described women's grievances and demands and called on women to fight for their Constitutionally guaranteed right to equality as U.S. citizens. It argues that women are oppressed by the government and the patriarchal society of which they are a part. It was signed by 68 women and 32 men: 100/ 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women. Held in Seneca Falls, New York. -
Scott v. Sandford
The Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories. -
13th Amendment
It abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. -
14th Amendment
Guaranteed all African Americans citizenship rights and promised that the federal government would enforce “equal protection of the laws.” -
15th Amendment
Granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." -
Plessy v. Ferguson
US supreme court case: The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks. Decision: gave states the right to pass laws allowing (or even requiring) racial segregation in public and private institutions such as schools, public transportation, restrooms, and restaurants. -
Founding of NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed as a bi-racial attempt to advance justice for African Americans -
19th amendment
Granted women the right to vote, prohibiting any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. -
Equal rights amendment introduced into congress
First proposed by the National Woman’s political party in 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment was to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. -
Smith v. Allwright
Background: In 1923, the Texas Democratic Party required all voters in its primary to be white based on a state law authorizing the party to establish its own internal rules. Landmark decision: The United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and, by extension, racial desegregation. It overturned the Texas state law that authorized the Democratic Party to set its internal rules, including the use of white primaries -
Truman orders the desegregation of the armed forces
Executive Order 9981: President Harry S. Truman issues the executive order to abolished discrimination "on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin" in the United States Armed Forces. -
Hernandez v. Texas
Background: Pete Hernandez, an agricultural worker, was indicted for the murder of Joe Espinoza by an all-Anglo (white) grand jury in Jackson County, Texas. Decision: Us supreme court decided that Mexican Americans and all other racial and national groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Background: African American students had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. Landmark decision: The U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. -
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. -
24th Amendment
Abolished the poll tax for all federal elections. A poll tax was a tax of anywhere from one to a few dollars that had to be paid annually by each voter in order to be able to cast a vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. -
Voting rights act of 1965
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson,it aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. -
Cesar Chavez publicizes the plight of migrant workers
Chavez and a group of strikers set out on a 340-mile march from Delano to Sacramento to draw attention to plight of farm workers, and during this strike the union won its first contract.
The UFW continues organizing in the fields as well working legislatively to improve farm workers' lives. -
National organization of women(NOW) organized
Was established by a group of feminists who were dedicated to actively challenging sex discrimination in society.
Since its founding in 1966, NOW's goal has been "to take action" to bring about equality for all women. -
multi member electoral districts in texas get outlawed
Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act, which mandates the use of discrete, single-member districts for all states with two or more seats -
Jones v. Mayer
Background: Jones, a black man, charged that a real estate company in Missouri's St. Louis County refused to sell him a home in a particular neighborhood on account of his race. Landmark United States Supreme Court case, which held that Congress could regulate the sale of private property to prevent racial discrimination. -
Founding of the Mexican american legal defense and education fund (MALDEF)
Nation's leading Latino legal civil rights organization. Their commitment is to protect and defend the rights of all Latinos living in the United States and the constitutional rights of all Americans. -
Stonewall Riots
Were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay (LGBT) community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village. -
Reed v. Reed
Background: The Idaho Probate Code specified that "males must be preferred to females" in appointing administrators of estates. After the death of their adopted son, both Sally and Cecil Reed sought to be named the administrator of their son's estate. The male, cecil, was appointed administrator Decision: Was an Equal Protection case in the United States in which the Supreme Court ruled that the administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes. -
Equal rights amendment passed by congress
The Equal Rights Amendment was to provide for the legal equality of the sexes and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. It won the requisite two-thirds vote from the U.S. House of Representatives in October 1971. In March 1972, it was approved by the U.S. Senate and sent to the states. -
Congress opens all military service academies to women
Public Law 94-106 signed by President Gerald Ford on Oct. 7, 1975 allowed women to attend military academies.
The law passed the House by a vote of 303 to 96 and the Senate by voice vote after divisive argument within Congress, resistance from the Department of Defense and legal action initiated by women to challenge their exclusion. -
Craig v. Boren
Background: An Oklahoma law prohibited the sale of "nonintoxicating" 3.2 percent beer to males under the age of 21 and to females under the age of 18. Curtis Craig, a male then between the ages of 18 and 21, and Carolyn Whitener, a licensed vendor challenged the law as discriminatory. Decision: The Court held that the statute was unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. -
dothard v. rawlinson
Background: Dianne Rawlinson applied to be a prison guard with the Alabama Department of Corrections but she wasn't theh right weight or height. (Department refused to hire her so she sued) Decision: The Supreme Court held that the height and weight requirements violated Title VII. The “contact position” ban was a real occupational qualification, however, so Title VII did not prohibit it. -
Title IX
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. -
Plyer v. Doe
The Supreme Court struck down both a state statute denying funding for education to undocumented immigrant children in the United States and a municipal school district's attempt to charge an annual $1,000 tuition fee for each student to -
civil rights and women's equity in employment act
Amends the Revised Statutes of the United States to declare that all persons within U.S. jurisdiction shall have the same right to take certain actions, including making and enforcing contracts, as is enjoyed by male citizens. -
"Don't ask, don't tell"
(DADT) was the official United States policy on military service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians, instituted by the Clinton Administration. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service -
Defense of Marriage Act
Is a law that, among other things, prohibited married same-sex couples from collecting federal benefits. It was overruled on June 26, 2015 by the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges. -
Massachusetts legalized gay marriage
As a result of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) ruling in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health that it was unconstitutional under the Massachusetts Constitution to allow only opposite-sex couples to marry -
United states v. Windsor
A Landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of "marriage" and "spouse" to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional -
obergefell v hodges
Background: Groups of same-sex couples sued their relevant state agencies to challenge the constitutionality of those states' bans on same-sex marriage or refusal to recognize legal same-sex marriages. Decision: The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, and that analysis applies to same-sex couples in the same manner as it does to opposite-sex couples. -
Masterpiece cakeshop v. Colorado
Was a case in the Supreme Court that dealt with whether owners of public accommodations can refuse certain services based on the First Amendment claims of free speech and free exercise of religion, and therefore be Decision: holding that the Colorado Civil Rights Commission's conduct in evaluating a cake shop owner's reasons for declining to make a wedding cake for a same-sex couple violated the Free Exercise Clause.